real Q1 - Intro, Nero, CC, OC

Question 1

nativism

Answer 1

humans are shaped primarily by their inherited nature
fixed at birth

Question 2

empiricism

Answer 2

humans are primarily shaped by their experiences - nurture

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

focus on behavior bc it’s observable, quantifiable, and objective

Question 4

nature vs nurture

Answer 4

nature: what we’re born with
nurture: shaped by experience

Question 5

Learning

Answer 5

the process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world

Question 6

Memory

Answer 6

the record of our past experiences, which are acquired through learning

Question 7

hippocampus

Answer 7

memory consolidation to LTM
learning new facts

Question 8

amygdala

Answer 8

controls the impact of emotions on memory
- emotional memory

Question 9

Basal ganglia

Answer 9

planning and producing skilled movements

Question 10

MRI vs fMRI

Answer 10

MRI: detects water density
fMRI: detects blood flow activation

Question 11

neural plasticity

Answer 11

re-wiring of the brain based on experience
the brain is always changing
- adapts to make up deficits
- make more/less transmitter
- Have more/less receptors
- Make synapses bigger/smaller
- Eliminate synapses/make new synapses

Question 12

Neural Plasticity types (2)

Answer 12

1. LTP – long-term potentiation
2. LTD – long-term depression

Question 13

Neural Plasticity and Learning

Answer 13

• Experience provokes neural plasticity
• This neural plasticity alters the way the brain processes information
• On the next experience, behavior will be altered
  ex. in rats raised in enriched environments, neurons make more synaptic contacts

Question 14

classical conditioning steps (2)

Answer 14

1. Begins with an innate (unlearned) reflex
   - Unconditioned stimulus (US): food
   - Unconditioned response (UR): salivation
2. A neutral stimulus (CS) is then repeatedly presented before the reflex is triggered, producing a new reflex
   - Conditioned stimulus (CS): bell
   - Conditioned response (CR): salivation

Question 15

conditioned compensatory response

Answer 15

CR that is the opposite of the UR, helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex
- Inject adrenaline (US) -> heart rate increase (UR)
- Repeat procedure in same testing chamber (CS)
Eventually, CS comes to produce a decrease in heart rate (CR) that helps maintain homeostasis (balance) against expected adrenaline injection = tolerance - testing chamber evokes a CR that weakens the overall effects of the drug

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

Breaking the association between the CS and US can extinguish the new CS->CR reflex:
- Present the CS alone repeatedly.
- Initially, CS evokes strong CRs.
- With repetition, however, CS becomes less effective, similar to beginning of training

Question 17

timing

Answer 17

• Delay conditioning: best learning
• Trace conditioning: optimal interstimulus interval (ISI) with less learning at delays too short or too long

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

S->R->O
context->response->outcomes
- law of effect

Question 19

Law of Effect

Answer 19

• behaviors with positive effects are repeated
• behaviors with negative effects are not

Question 20

O: outcomes

Answer 20

determine change in behavior

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

If it leads to positive effects, do it more
ex. Study-> get a good grade
Study more

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement (escape)

Answer 22

If it ends/avoids a negative effect, do it more
- do something to end behavior
ex. Take aspirin -> Headache ends
Take aspirin for pain more often

Question 23

Positive Punishment

Answer 23

If it leads to negative effects, do it less
ex. Arrive late -> Points off
Arrive late less often

Question 24

R: response - Behavioral Unit

Answer 24

class of behaviors producing an effect
- using any mean to get to an end: goal or intention

Question 25

S: Discriminative Stimulus (Context)

Answer 25

tell us which contingencies are in effect
If S, R->O (ex. if I push a lever when light is on, I’ll get food)
If no S, R does nothing (if light is off, no food)

Question 26

punisher

Answer 26

outcome that decreases the frequency of the behavior

Question 27

Schedules of Reinforcement (4)

Answer 27

1. fixed ratio (FR)
2. fixed intervals (FI)
3. variable ratio (VR)
4. variable interval (VI)

Question 28

Variable Interval (VI)

Answer 28

After Y amount of time passes (seconds, min, hours), 1R produces 1O, but Y changes after each O
Ex. Notifications
- Behavior before interval expires has no consequence.

Question 29

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Answer 29

Every X Rs produces 1 O

Question 30

Variable Ratio (VR)

Answer 30

Every X Rs produces 1 O, but X changes with each reinforcer (gambling, sports)
- Identified by average number of Rs per O

Question 31

Fixed Interval (FI)

Answer 31

After Y amount of time passes (seconds, min, hours), 1R produces 1O
Ex. After 5 hrs of work get 1 hour break
Behavior before interval expires has no consequence

Question 32

VR vs VI

Answer 32

VR: more responses = more reinforcers (got to play to win!)
VI: more responses ≠ more reinforcers (only need to check in)

Question 33

Appetitive Conditioning

Answer 33

new reflex prepares to obtain the US

Question 34

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 34

new CS->CR reflex helps avoid noxious US
- works after 1 trial
ex get food poisoning from fish -> never eat fish again

Question 35

negative punishment (omission)

Answer 35

If it ends/avoids a positive effect, do it less
ex. miss curfew -> phone gets taken away
miss curfew less often

Question 36

OC vs CC

Answer 36

OC:
1. Animal operates on the environment
2. Stimulus evokes a response to produce an outcome (S->R->O)
3. Animal connects context, behavior, and outcome

CC
1. Environment operates on the animal
2. Stimulus evokes Response (S->R)
3. Animal learns CS predicts US

Question 37

Learning op 2

Answer 37

Experiences of interacting w the world result in behavioral changes

Question 38

punishment consequences

Answer 38

1. cheating
2. reinforcement along w/punishemnt
   3.

Question 39

cheating

Answer 39

discriminative stimuli for punishment can encourage cheating - certain situations can determine whether a person will get punished or not (not speeding when cops are around but speeding other times)

Question 40

reinforcement along w/ punishment

Answer 40

The effects of punishment can be counteracted if reinforcement occurs along with the punishment
ex. getting punished for talking in class but will cont to do so if get approval from classmates)

Question 41

strong punisher

Answer 41

initial intensity matters. Punishment is most effective if a strong punisher is used from the outset—from the initial exposure (expulsion won’t have the same effect if it comes after a waring and detention b/c they were milder punishments)