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year 12 human biology > reflexes and receptors > Flashcards

reflexes and receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Where are thermoreceptors located?

A

Skin and hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the skin sensitive to the temperature of?

A

Outside surrounding temperatures

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3
Q

What parts of the brain does the skin inform of temperature changes?

A

The cerebrum and the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are peripheral thermoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Hot or cold - not both

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5
Q

What does the skin thermoreceptors allow us?

A

To be aware of the temperature in our surroundings

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamus sensitive to the temperature of?

A

Temperature of the blood inside our brains (inside body temp 37 degrees)

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7
Q

How is the hypothalamus able to regulate body temperature?

A

With the information received from the skin and its own thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)

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8
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the hypothalamus sensitive to in osmoreceptors?

A

Small changes in osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What determines osmotic pressure?

A

The concentration of substances dissolved in the water of blood plasma

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11
Q

What is maintained when the hypothalamus is stimulated in osmoreceptors?

A

The body’s water content

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12
Q

Where is chemoreceptors located?

A

Nose, mouth, blood vessels

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13
Q

What is the nose sensitive to with chemoreceptors?

A

Odours

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14
Q

What is the mouth sensitive to with chemoreceptors?

A

Tastes

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15
Q

What are blood vessels sensitive to with chemoreceptors?

A

Blood pH, CO2 (carbon dioxide) and O2 (oxygen) concentration

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16
Q

What does chemoreceptors regulate?

A

Heartbeat and breathing

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17
Q

What is chemoreceptors stimulated by?

A

Chemicals

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18
Q

What are two alternative names for the touch receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors and Pressure receptors

19
Q

Where are the main locations for touch receptors?

A

Skin, hair follicle base, and deeper skin

20
Q

Where are the locations occupied by the main touch receptors close to the skin surface?

A

Lips, fingertips, eyelids, genital organs

21
Q

What are touch receptors sensitive to on the skin surface?

A

Light touch

22
Q

What do touch receptors located in the hair follicle base respond to?

A

Touch that bends the hair

23
Q

Which two locations of touch receptors adapt rapidly?

A

Hair follicle base and skin surface

24
Q

What happens when the touch receptors adapt rapidly in the hair follicle base and skin surface?

A

After a short amount of time, the person becomes unaware of the touch

25
Q

What are touch receptors in the deeper skin sensitive to?

A

Pressure and vibrations

26
Q

Where are pain receptors located?

A

Concentrated in skin and mucous membranes

Most organs, NOT brain.

27
Q

What is the alternative name for pain receptors?

A

Nociceptors

28
Q

Why are pain receptors essential for our wellbeing?

A

They warn us that our tissue is damaging, and allows us to seek medical help

29
Q

What are pain receptors stimulated by?

A

Tissue damage

30
Q

What are examples of tissue damage?

A

Cut, poor blood flow to tissues, excessive stimulation from heat or chemicals

31
Q

What are the four properties of a reflex?

A
  1. Stimulus is required to trigger reflex
  2. Reflexes are involuntary
  3. Reflex responses are rapid
  4. Reflexes are stereotyped - occurs same way each time
32
Q

What is a spinal reflex arc?

A

Reflex carried by spinal cord and not brain

33
Q

If it doesn’t involve the brain is it involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

34
Q

When can impulses maybe be sent to the brain?

A

Only after the response is initiated

35
Q

Explain the five steps to a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor reacts to change in external/internal environment
  2. Sensory neuron carries impulse to the spinal cord or brain
  3. At least one synapse occurs, and impulse either passes directly through motor neuron, or connecting interneuron first
  4. Motor neuron carries impulse to effector
  5. Effector receives and carries out appropriate response
36
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory neurons at the back of the body

37
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor neurons at the front of the body

38
Q

What are three examples of protective reflexes?

A
  1. Blinking - something is in cornea of eye
  2. Sneezing/coughing - irritation in nose or trachea
  3. Constriction of pupil - response to intense light
39
Q

Which reflexes are present from birth?

A

Protective

40
Q

Which reflexes are learned during baby’s development?

A

Innate

41
Q

Which reflexes are learned through constant repetition later in life?

A

Acquired

42
Q

What are two examples of innate reflexes?

A

Suckling, chewing

43
Q

What are two examples of acquired reflexes?

A

Maintaining balance on a bike, catching a ball

year 12 human biology (4 decks)

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