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Anatomy > endocrion and regenerachine > Flashcards

endocrion and regenerachine Flashcards

1
Q

regeneration

A

ability of fully developed organisms to regrow tissue

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2
Q

repairative regeneration

A

healing wounds etc

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3
Q

physiological regeneration

A

homeostatic ie RBC or skin cell, villi production

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4
Q

more complexity means

A

less regen is possible

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5
Q

epimorphosis

A

add-on regeneration, cells de-differentiate and form blastema, which respecializes to form new tissue (eg axolotl)

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6
Q

morphallaxis

A

remodeling, existing tissue is repatterned but no blastema is formed. hydra can do this (grow back limbs)

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7
Q

compensatory regeneration

A

cells divide at an elevated rate to form more tissue until tissue is restored ie human liver

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8
Q

animals that can grow 2 animals if u cut them in half

A

starfish, planarian, hydra

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9
Q

autotomy

A

used by animals when scared, tail regenerates

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10
Q

urodele

A

amphibians who can use epimorphosis regenerate some spinal cord, limbs, retina and lens, jaw, teeth, tail, brain. the cells know what position the injury has and where they must grow

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11
Q

some teleosts can regenerate..

A

heart, fins, teeth, skin

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12
Q

mammals can regenerate

A

hair/spines, skin, sweat glands, villi, RBCs, liver, antlers etc

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13
Q

lamprey regeneration

A

can heal spinal cord even if cut many times

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14
Q

zebrafish regeneration

A

20% of heart can be taken and grow back in 2 months. leading epicardial edge of myocardium is dedifferentiated and heals from the outside. FGF genes help put new muscle without scarring

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15
Q

mouse heart regen study

A

neonatal mice can take cardiomyocytes out of cell cycle and have them heal the heart instead of using blastema

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16
Q

blastema

A

ball of dedifferentiated cells

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17
Q

finger regen

A

in kids under 12 and some adults, 3rd phalange if cut off above nail bed and not bound can regenerate.

18
Q

regeneration time for villi

A

5 days

19
Q

tooth regen uses..

A

dental lamina

20
Q

how do monophyodont rodents do

A

they have stem cells at the base of their forever growing incisors.

21
Q

endocrine signals

A

slow transit, low concentration, long lasting effect, long distance, continuously produced during time of effect. derived from amino acids or cholesterol, some have carrier proteins to move thru blood

22
Q

paracrine signals

A

like endocrine but high concentrations over shorter distances. include embryonic morphogens, neurotransmitters, neurohormones (like GnRH)

23
Q

pineal gland

A

single unit central to brain, centered under roof of diencephalon

24
Q

pinealocytes

A

cells in pineal gland with melatonin secretion synced to circadian rhythm. evolved from photoreceptor cells.

25
Q

melatonin production induced via..

A

AANAT enzyme cyclically regulated by suprachiasmic nucleus (internal clock), and period genes for variation in seasons. SCN is regulated by light passing thru retinohypothalamic tract, change seasonally. for non mammals or birds, this is just directly controlled by light detected by pineal eye.

26
Q

suprachiasmic nucleus

A

SCN- internal clock. has slave oscillators it communicates with in organs to they know what time it is. This is true in mammals and birds.

27
Q

melatonin is made from..

A

tryptophan > serotonin > melatonin

28
Q

melatonin functions

A

regulates sleep, hormone levels, appetite, excretion, seasonal cycles, gonad development, reproductive cycles, suppresses libido, changes skin coloration and camoflage - in frogs, signals melanin to move to melanophores, lightening skin.

29
Q

lamprey accessory eyes

A

pineal and parietal eyes. strong light inhibits neurons, low light activates AANAT

30
Q

frog pineal

A

frontal organ/epiphysis/pineal visible as eye kinda

31
Q

squamate and sphenodon (tuatara) pineal

A

it is an eye, lens and retina are from the parietal. was discovered by leydig

32
Q

pineal in mammals

A

sunk into diencephalon, receptors connect it with the eyes

33
Q

endocrine system

A

2 dozen glands secrete things into fluids including blood, CSF, lymph. oldest system.

34
Q

pheromones

A

aerial communication btwn conspecifics

35
Q

allomones

A

communication btwn members of diff species, for example skunk spray

36
Q

autocrine

A

cell signals to itself

37
Q

endocrine glands include..

A

thyroid, parathyroid, pineal

38
Q

epiphysis

A

pineal gland

39
Q

tooth regeneration in fish and reptiles

A

stem cells come from dental lamina, new teeth form behind current one. in fish, they are continuously replaced, in reptiles they go through multiple sets.

40
Q

who has the least regenerative ability

A

mammals

Anatomy (16 decks)

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