regeneration

Question 1

definitions - accessible

Answer 1

how easy to is to travel a place or interact with a person

Question 2

definitions - agriculture led regeneration or non agricultural in rural areas

Answer 2

regeneration focused onhelping generate extra revenue for a local farm, such as opening a farm shop. or building the reputation of local produce and starting local farm
attractions (maze mazes, muddy assault courses, tractor trailer rides etc.)
or
farm diversification
non agricultural - focus for regeneration is to produce revenure for rural businesses (e.g. Tea Rooms, Paintballing, Historic Attractions).

Question 3

definitions retail led regeneration

Answer 3

regeneration focused on creating new retail opportunities such as building shopping such as Westfield in London
The focus of regeneration is to attract shops to high streets and markets,
and to establish warehouses and logistical hubs for TNCs

Question 4

definitions - culture led regeneration

Answer 4

can be used in both rural and urban areas. mainly rural literary and historical links
Bronte country in Horwath

Question 5

definitions - sport led

Answer 5

eg lodnon olympic parkj not being abandoned
westham

Question 6

definitions - leisure led

Answer 6

• The focus of regeneration is to attract tourists or improve the social
  quality of life (sports & activities, attractions, etc.).

Question 7

definitions - environmental regeneration

Answer 7

The focus of regeneration is to restore and maintain natural
environments such as woodlands, beaches and national parks

Question 8

definitions - amenity value

Answer 8

the value of a resource to locals and businesses (coal, timber, beaches)

Question 9

how does cumulative causation make successful regions

Answer 9

what makes a region become successful is often a process of cumulative causation - new opportunities encourage inward migration, which boosts the region’s economy, encouraging new development.

Question 10

what makes a place successful?

Answer 10

• high rates of employment + high pay + varied opportunity
• inward migration
• low levels multiple deprivation
• good connections
• raw materials - water
• productive agriculture
• good geo-strategic location
• developed infrastructure- transport +connections
• access to high qual healthcare + education
• stable population +political system
• sense of identity
• clean / biodiverse natural environment

Question 11

what makes a place go into decline?

Answer 11

• unstable population = outward migration or ageing population
• dereliction and deindustrialization (closure of industries)
• lack of jobs or variety/ low paid
• poor infrastructure - education + healthcare
• lack of access to raw materials
• bad governance - unstable political system
• war /conflict

Question 12

case study of a successful place - Sydney

Answer 12

factors of success:
location > located in time zone allowing trade with USA and Europe(important for financial sector), close to emerging economies, warm climate > attracts business + workers. a range of environments, mostly desert, productive agriculture

economy > lots of high paying jobs in the quaternary sector, Sydney is one of aus most productive areas, ranked 3rd on ‘global cities’ in term of economic output +connections to other parts of the world
government> have deregulated the financial market to allow foreign banks to operate here. strict migration policies which favour those that are highly skilled

landmarks> famous Bondi beach, impressive infrastructure- Sydney opera house

Question 13

case study - evaluation of successful place - Sydney

Answer 13

• high cost of living
• lack of public transport > very congested roads
• risk of wildfires

Question 14

definition - spiral of decline

Answer 14

a negative multiplier effect. Starting point is often the closure of a factory or primary economic activity, such as a coal mine

Question 15

case study - successful place in the uk - York

Answer 15

• retail and visitors - 7 million a year, Christmas markets
• distinct architecture
• two well known universities + others > good educational outcome
• culture - Jorvik and York royal theatre

Question 16

whats perception of a place and why is it important

Question 17

case study - declining place Youngstown

Question 18

case study - declining place rust belt + Youngstown

Answer 18

us - once worlds largest producer of metals and coal, largely deindustrialized due to competition from Asian countries, mechanisation + lower wages. the highly paid jobs in secondary and primary have been replaced with low wage service sector jobs. outward migration ‘ brain drain’. high crime, unemployment and benefits received.

Youngstown -
population change 200-2012 = 20.7%, just over 65,000 people
factors = steel mill closure, lose of 40,000 jobs (well paid).
fewer residents = less tax paid in local area
3% unemployed above average

strategies to reinvent-
-demolish derelict houses then rebuild/ do-up
-development has accepted a smaller mindset, took stock of its assets such as Youngstown university with 14,000 students. connected land to downtown so students could lie there and g out = restaurants opened.
-set up non-profit Youngstown Neighborhood Development corporation with $3million annual budget. they deal with basics suh as surveying the areas to where would benefit, make most difference and stability > renovate properties using donations >allows buyers with moderate income and council housing> creating reoccupied places houses up to code> feature natural waterfall in city center

Question 19

places in decline uk - Middlesbrough

Question 20

classifying economic activity - sector nd type of employment

Answer 20

sectors
> primary (extracting raw resources, mining forestry, farming)
> secondary (manufacturing+processing, iron stell car)
>tertiary (service sector, tourism, baking, education)
> quaternary (high tech, research an design)
> quinary (knowledge, management, consultancy, CEOs)
eg. majority of workers in uk are tertiary sector. although some industrial toens rely on seondary sector
types of employment
> permanent contracts - no end date, include benfit packages
> temporary contracts - set end date, usually no benfits packages
> full-time - usually permanent c, 35h a week
> parttime- permanent contracts but set of h per week thats less than full time
> employed- employee of a company, recieves salery +benefits (sick and holiday pay)
> self-employed - works for themselves, earn money by providing a service, fee not a salery, dont have same rights or benefits as employees

Question 21

why are temporary contracts used

Answer 21

when an employer needs to fill a job position for a temporary period, eg to cover a permanent employees maternity leave

Question 22

whats the gig economy

Answer 22

tyep of employment that is short term or contracts for self-empoyed freelancers, may nto have same rights as full-time employees
companies can recuit from all over the world, therefore may have less of a link to the place they are located

Question 23

what are the advantages and disadvantage of gig economy. what impacts on a place?

Answer 23

advantages often gives work to young people, or freelancers. although, can be low paid or not for long. as the companies can recuit from a wide area the may have less of a link to the place

Question 24

economic inequalities

Answer 24

• differences in economic ativity across the uk, economic inequality is reflected in social inequalities eg health, life expectancy and levels of education.

Question 25

define lived experience + factors

Answer 25

experience of living in a place, different people have different lived experiences of a place, and this can produce different levels of engagement witht that place
facors - length of resident. gender identit, age, level of deprivation, ethnicity, religion,