Renal Flashcards
Renal
The renin- agiotensin- aldosterone system (RASS)
When a patient becomes hypotensive, RENIN is released from the kidney. This travels to the liver where it converts ANGIOTENSINOGEN to make ANGIOTENSIN 1. This then travels to the lungs where ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYMES is used to convert ANGIOTENSION 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2 and results in VASOCONSTRICTION
Renal
RASS- Blood pressure
Regulates blood pressure:
* Increasing sodium (salt) reabsorption
* Water reabsorption (retention)
* Vascular tone
Renal
RASS- Fluid balance
- Fluid intake and outake is controlled by kidneys
- Cells in the kidney release the enzyme- Renin
- Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin
Renal
Chronic kidney disease
- CKD occurs when nephrons are progressively and irreversibly damaged after renal reseve is lost
Acute Kidney injury
Prerenal, Renal and postrenal
- Occurs due to kidneys not working
- Prerenal-
- Renal-
- Postrenal-
What is Prerenal
- In front of the kidney
- Occurring before the blood reaches the kidneys.
What causes Prerenal
Poor perfusion of nephrons
RAAS pathway
- Dehydration, Na+ deficeny, or homorrage
- Decrease in blood volume
- Decrease in blood pressure
- Juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys
- Increased renin
- liver- Angiotensinogen
- Increased Angiotensin 1
- Lungs
- Increased Angiotensin 2
- Adrenal cortex
- Increased aldosterone
- In kidneys, increased Na+ and water reabsorption and increased secretion of K+ and H+ into urine
- Increased blood volume
- Blood pressure increases until it returns to normal
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles
- Increased K+ in extracellular fluid
3 Differences beween AKI and CKD:
Acute
- Sudden onset
- Rapid reduction in urine output
- Usually reverible
- Tubular cell death and regeneration
Chronic
- Progressive
- Not reversible
- Nephron loss
Symptoms of CKD
- Usually asymptomatic until late stages
- In late- stage disease, systoms relate to failure of kidnyes to maintain noraml fliud, eletrolyte and acid- base balance, as well as by imparied endocrine funcations.
- Swollen ankles, feet or hands
- Shortnesss of breath
- Fatigue
- Blood in the urine
- Insomnia
- Itchy skin, muscle cramps, headache
- Urinary frquency (especially at night)
- Erectile dysfunction in men.
which terms are examples of Microvascular complications of diabetes?
- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Nephropathy
