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VET 433c > Renal/ Endo pt.3 > Flashcards

Renal/ Endo pt.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What test is a biomarker for estrogen levels

A

Vaginal Cytology

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2
Q

Know what phenomena, unique to the bitch, permits estimation of the 12-24 hr LH surgery

A

elevation in progresterone

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3
Q

What are the benefits of ovulation timing

A
  • fertility window estimation
  • optimizes conception rate and litter
  • permits gestational timing
  • permits use of sub-optimal semen
  • treats 80% ‘infertility’ cases
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4
Q

Two infectious diseases that are of concern to breeding animals

A
  1. Brucella canis
    - -> gram (-) aerobic intracellular coccobacillus
    - -> abortion, infertility, orchitis/ epididemitis, testicular atrophy
    - -> testing: males (once per year) females (before every breeding)
    - -> requires additional testing
  2. Herpes
    - -> fatal to neonates
    - -> mom should have protective antibodies prior to breeding
    - -> Testing: _____
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5
Q

What is the 3 week rule for herpes in breeding animals

A
  • should isolate the pregnant one 3 weeks prior to gestation and 3 weeks post gestation to prevent herpes infection that will kill the neonates
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6
Q

Earliest time post pregnancy that abortion can be performed and why

A
  • as early as 30-35 days (no later than 8 weeks)
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7
Q

List some important rule outs for puppy vaginitis

A
  • urinary tract infection
  • vaginal foreign body
  • urinary incontinence from ‘plumbing’ problems
  • pyometra
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8
Q

list 4 criteria to consider when deciding about the appropriateness of medical management of pyometra

A
  • young, valuable breeding dog or cat that will be bred at the next cycle
  • stable
  • open
  • hospitalized

–> give progesterone?

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9
Q

understand why transplacental transfer of medications given to a pregnant dog or cat is a concern

A
  • almost every drug crosses over

- fetuses have immature hepatic and renal metabolic capacity (can’t metabolize effectively)

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10
Q

3 rule-outs for post-partum fever, anorexia, and lethargy

A
  1. Metritis
  2. Mastitis
  3. Eclampsia (Puerperal Tetany) (hypocalcemia often d/t no supplementation)
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11
Q

describe/ differentiate the 3 stages of normal labor

A
  1. uterine contractions (up to 12 per hour)
  2. uterine contractions + abdominal effort
  3. delivery of placentas
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12
Q

understand the 3 broad categories of dystocia etiologies

A
  • Maternal
  • Fetal (presentation, posture, position)
  • Combination/ Both
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13
Q

2 absolute indications for Cesarean section

A
  • medical therapy has failed
  • medical therapy is contraindicated (fetal oversize)
  • the mom is shocky, hypotensive, hypothermic

(refractory inertia or obstruction)

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14
Q

Dystocia (Maternal Abnormalities)

A
  • Uterine (uterine inertia –> failure of contractions)(herniation, torsion, rupture, lack of allantoic fluid)
  • Birth Canal Abnormalities
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15
Q

Dystocia (fetal etiologies)

A
  • fetal oversize
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16
Q

ABCs of neonatal resuscitation

A

Airway clearing
Breathing
Cardiovascular

17
Q

3 complicating factors which can contribute to a poor resuscitation response

A
  1. Hypothermia (<94F or 34.4C)
  2. Hypoglycemia (BG<90)
  3. Early Delivery –> low or no surfactant
18
Q

3 Differentials for scrotal enlargement

A
  1. Orchitis
  2. Epididymitis
  3. Scrotal Torsion
  4. Testicular Neoplasia
19
Q

describe expected fertility and libido in a dog or cat with bilateral cryptorchidism vs unilateral cryptorchidism vs incomplete castration

A

Bilateral – infertile, normal libido
Unilateral – fertile, normal libido
Incomplete Castration – infertile, normal libido

20
Q

List common clinical signs of canine benign and cystic benign prostatic hyperplasia (distinct from prostatitis)

A
  • non-painful
  • symmetrical
  • normal semen w/ blood in it
21
Q

List common clinical signs of canine benign and cystic benign prostatic hyperplasia (distinct from prostatitis)

A
  • non-painful
  • symmetrical
  • normal semen w/ blood in it (prostatitis is too painful to collect semen)
22
Q

differentiate priapism, paraphimosis, and phimosis

A

priapism - persistent erection without sexual stimulation
paraphimosis - can’t make penis go back in prepuce
phimosis - can’t get it out of the prepuce

23
Q

Physiologic alterations during pregnancy (for anesthesia)

A
  • Resp: inc inhalent uptake (anesth overdose), reduce functional residual capacity (atelectasis), incr. risk of hypoxemia
  • Cardio: aorto-caval compression
  • GI: possible regurg or aspiration
  • Neuro: decreased MAC
24
Q

Preganacy anesthesia (what do we think of Acepromazine, benzos, alpha-2 agonists, opioids, anticholinergics)

A
  • only opioids are reasonable premeds

- anticholinergics can be used if needed

25
Q

Pregnancy anesthesia (what do we think of propofol, alfaxalone, ketamine, etomidate, inhalents)

A
  • propofol and alfaxalone are good
  • ketamine very bad (profound fetal depression)
  • etomidate (good for poor cardiac fx patients)
  • inhalents (only for maintenance)
26
Q

Pregnancy Anesthesia (epidural considerations)

A
  • can be used as sole technique or in combo w/ gen anesthesia
  • decrease drug volume by up to 2/3 or 3/4
  • sympathetic nerve root blockade could occur –> hypotension
  • would be drug sparing (decreased load on the neonates)
27
Q

Neonatal Resuscitation

A
  • remove any fluid or tissue from nose and pharynx
  • vigorous body rubbing
  • reverse any depressant effects
  • O2 supplementation
28
Q

When to perform an ER C-section

A
  • assessment of the dam (materal or fetal dystocia)
  • progression of labor
  • fetal heart rate
29
Q

Single vs Multiple Incision into Uterine Horn

A

Single (good for small # litters) (bad for uterine bleeding, weak scar tissue)

Multiple (good for large # litters, less bleeding, less scar tissue) (bad for long suture time, # of suture sites)

30
Q

Fetal Heart Rate

A

< 150 = severe sterss
150-170 = mod stress
>200 = normal

31
Q

En bloc surgery

A
  • removal of entire uterus followed by removal of neonates
  • ideally all neonates out less than 60 seconds after first clamp placed
  • do it if risk of losing mother (and she’s more important)
32
Q

Diagnostic approach to the cryptorchid patient

A
  • if location challenging:

- -> US, laparoscopic explore, AMH test ( pos = testicles)

33
Q

Indications for scrotal ablation in dogs

A
  • older dogs w/ pendulous scrotum
  • test. neoplasia
  • test. torsion
  • scrotal hematoma (post-op)
34
Q

Options for treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma in dogs

A
  • subcapsular prostatectomy
  • NSAID + chemo
  • palliative stenting or urethra
35
Q

Surgical options for treatment or urethral prolapse

A
  • urethropexy (pexy to the prepuce)

- urethral resection and anastomosis

36
Q

Testicular Neoplasia

A
  • sertoli cell tumor (estrogen), Leydig (testosterone), Seminomas
  • enlarged or asymmetric testicles
  • low met rates
37
Q

Be able to name and describe the action of the 2 drugs
used most commonly to treat dystocia medically and
their logical use

A

Calcium Gluconate – improves the strength of contractions

Oxytocin – improves the frequency of contractions

VET 433c (6 decks)

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