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Physiology 335 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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2
Q

What are the three basic renal processes?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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3
Q

What is Glomerular filtration?

A

Removes solutes from the blood; it is the first step of urine formation.
**keeps things that the body needs in the blood stream

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4
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Almost all nutrients are reabsorbed in the renal tubule by active or passive transport
-the second step of urine formation,

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5
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

It removes the additional solutes from the blood plasma and actively transports them to the tubule

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6
Q

Describe the tubular components of the Nephron:
*List 5

A
  1. Bowmans Capsule
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
    -descending and Ascending
  4. Distal convoluted Tubule
  5. Collecting Duct
    -Cortical
    -Medullary
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7
Q

Vascular components associated with a Nephron:
**The Nephron blood supply

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Afferent arteriole
  3. Glomerular Capillaries (glomerulus)
  4. Efferent arteriole
  5. Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)
  6. Renal vein
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8
Q

What is the renal corpuscle:

A

Glomerular Capillaries + Bowman’s Capsules

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9
Q

What are the two types of Nephrons:

A
  1. Juxtamedullary (15%)
    -Long loops of Henle
    -Generate gradient in medulla Important for H2O reabsorption
    -Peritubular capillaries are called the vasa recta
  2. Cortical (85%)
    -Short loops of Henle
    -Do not contribute to gradient in medulla
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10
Q

What are the two sections of a human kidney?

A
  1. Renal Cortex = OUTER LAYER
    -contains renal corpuscles of all nephrons
    -contains proximal and distal tubules of all nephrons
    -contains cortical nephrons
  2. Renal Medulla = INNER LAYER (renal pyramids)
    -contains long Loops of Henle from juxtamedullary nephrons
    -contains medullary portion of the collecting ducts
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11
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells:
(aka granular cells)

A

-surround afferent arteriole
-synthesize, store, and secrete renin
-respond to blood pressure
-respond to norepinephrine
-respond to macula densa

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12
Q

Macula densa:

A

-Part of the wall of distal tubule
-Senses filtrate flow
-Sends paracrine signals to afferent arteriole

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13
Q

What are the 3 basic renal process?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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14
Q

Can plasma proteins and cells be filtered?

A

No. too big for filtration
–filtrate=blood plasma, except for RBC’s and proteins

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15
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)=

A

125mL/min (180 L/day)

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16
Q

What is Pgc normally?
**Pressure globular capillary

A

about 60 mmHg
… but renal arterioles can regulate Pgc from neural, hormonal, or local inputs

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17
Q

What two forces decrease glomular filtration rate?

A
  1. Constriction of afferent arteriole
  2. Dilation of efferent arteriole
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18
Q

Glomerular filtration flows from what into what space?

A

Re-absorbed filtrates are flowing from the glomerular capillary INTO Bowman’s space

19
Q

Does Pbs support or oppose filtration?

A

OPPOSE

20
Q

Does PI -gc oppose or support filtration?
–and what determines it

A

OPPOSE

21
Q

Does PI -BS (Bowmans space) support or oppose filtration?

A

It doesn’t usually exist.
–There should be no proteins in Bowman’s space (post initial filtration)

22
Q

What happens if Pgc > Pbs + Pi gc?

A

Filtration into Bowman’s space occurs (normal)

23
Q

What two forces increase glomular filtration rate?

A
  1. Dilation of afferent arteriole
  2. Constriction of efferent arteriole
24
Q

Which starling force will be changed by a urinary tract blockage, such as a kidney stone?

A

INCREASE pressure BS
-bowmans space

25
Q

What happens to the net glomerular filtration pressure if a kidney stone is present?

A

Decreases

26
Q

What is the equation for net glomerular filtration pressure?

A

P(gc)-P(bs)-pi (gc)

27
Q

What is the equation for filtered load=

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate x Pressure

28
Q

what is the equation for excreted load=
**Theoretical and Measurable

A

Theoretical:
Filtered load + secreted- reabsorbed

Measurable:
Volume x [

29
Q

Excreted Load =

A

V x [U]s

30
Q

If filtered load > excreted load net…

A

REABSORPTION must have occurred

31
Q

If filtered load < excreted load, net…

A

SECRETION must have occurred

32
Q

Describe the rough percentage re-absorbed for water, sodium, glucose, and urea in tubular reabsorption:

A

Water: 99%
Sodium: 99.5%
Glucose: 100%

Urea: 44%

33
Q

True or false:
Substances needing protein carriers have a transport maximum

A

TRUE
**Reabsorption keeps up with filtration at low plasma solute concentrations

**Solute will be excreted in urine at HIGH plasma concentrations if filtration continues but reabsorption has reached its transport maximum

34
Q

What is the location of most secretion?

A

proximal tubules (except K+ and H+, which are mainly secreted into cortical collecting duct)

35
Q

Define Renal Plasma clearance:

A

The volume of plasma cleared of substance S per unit time

36
Q

If Renal Plasma Clearance > Globular Filtration Rate…

A

Substance undergoes net SECRETION

37
Q

If Renal Plasma Clearance < Glomerular Filtration Rate…

A

substance undergoes net REABSORPTION

38
Q

Renal plasma clearance of what substance is a more practical and less invasive way of determining GFR?

A

Creatinine.

RPC of Creatinine = true GFR

39
Q

What is Micturition?
What induces this?

A

Urination
Stretch-induced sensory afferent signaling to CNS

40
Q

Describe parasympathetic, sympathetic and somatic motor input for both Bladder filling AND Bladder emptying:

A

Bladder Filling:
-LOW parasympathetic (relaxed detrusor muscle)
-HIGH sympathetic input (contracted internal sphincter)
- STIMULATED somatic motor input (closed external sphincter)

Bladder Emptying:
-HIGH parasympathetic input (contracted detrusor muscle)
-LOW sympathetic input (relaxed internal sphincter)
-INHIBITED somatic motor input (opened external sphincter)

41
Q

What are the 3 direct influences of kidney function?

A
  1. Blood composition
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Blood volume
42
Q

What are the 3 Indirect influences of kidney function?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Adrenal
  3. Hormonal/neuronal stimuli
43
Q
A

Physiology 335 (3 decks)

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