Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio II > Repro - Female 1 > Flashcards

Repro - Female 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary site of steroid AND protein synthesis?

A

follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Follicles are classified in an ________ progression.

A

ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the layers of the Graafian follicle?

A

theca externa, theca interna, granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do follicles house?

A

ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between oogenesis and folliculogenesis?

A

Oogenesis is the prenatal phase.

Folliculogenesis is the prepubertal phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When are folliculogenesis and oogenesis both occurring?

A

During differentiation in the pubertal phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

the process by which female gametes are generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oogenesis occurs independently of folliculogenesis. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the product of oogenesis different than spermatogenesis (besides the obvious)?

A

Oogenesis leads to formation of haploid cell that builds up a store of enzymes, mRNAs, organelles, and metabolic substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ovum is non-motile. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When are oogonia referred to as oocytes?

A

Upon entering meiotic division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When are oocytes arrested?

A

Prenatal phase

At the diplotene stage, also known as dictyate stage of meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are primordial follicles?

A

spindle-shaped epithelial cells that surround oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many oocytes are in the canine, bovine, and porcine ovaries at birth?

A

bovine- 150,000

porcine & canine- 700,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Folliculogenesis occurs during the ________ phase.

A

prepubertal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Few follicles grow during prepubertal phase, these follicles do not undergo ______ and become ______.

A

ovulation; atretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

After birth, oocytes continue to ___.

A

die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do the number of oocytes change as a dog ages?

A

decrease; 700k at birth to 33k at 5 years, to 500 at 10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What initiates transition from primordial to primary follicles?

A

kit ligand (KL)

leukaemia inhib. factor (LIF)
bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)

keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)

basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What has a negative impact on the transition from primordial to primary follicles?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many follicles begin to grow?

A

unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do all growing follicles become Graafian follicles?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to follicles that do not become Graafian follicles?

A

They undergo atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does follicular atresia occur?

A

Any step during folliculogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What signals atresia to occur?

A

lack of support signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

More than ___% of follicles and oocytes degenerate during germ cell development.

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What follicles constitute the higher proportion of follicles that undergo atresia?

A

antral follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What follicle stages are FSH independent?

A

primordial, primary, and secondary follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What follicle stages are FSH-responsive?

A

preantral to antral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What follicle stages are FSH-dependent?

A

mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gonadotropin dependent follicles have a high rate of atresia in the ewe. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two patterns of follicular development?

A

dominant, ovulatory-size follicles develop throughout the estrous cycle

dominant ovulatory-size follicles develop only during follicular phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which animals only have follicular development during the follicular phase?

A

pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which animals have follicular development throughout estrus?

A

cattle, sheep, horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the basis of selection of dominant follicle?

A

intrafollicular mechanisms

36
Q

What are the intrafollicular mechanisms in cattle?

A

Free IGF-I and estradiol levels
+
LH receptor number on granulosa cells

37
Q

What are the intrafollicular mechanisms in horses?

A

Free IGF-1, Estradiol, inhibin-A, and activin-A are the deciding factors for the selection of dominant follicle

38
Q

What about growth and maturation of oocytes?

A

Oocytes have contact with granulosa cells and are completly dependent on them for growth.

39
Q

How do oocytes and granulosa cells communicate?

A

cytoplasmic connections transfer metabolic substances

40
Q

What is the cAMP Theory for Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation?

A

cAMP is transferred from the follicular granulosa cells to the oocyte

41
Q

High levels of cAMP in the oocyte ____ oocyte maturation.

A

inhibit

42
Q

Low levels of cAMP in the oocyte ______ oocyte maturation.

A

stimulate

43
Q

LH surge prior to ______ stimulates synthesis of ________ in the granulosa cells.

A

ovulation; hylauronic acid

44
Q

What disrupts the contact between granulosa cells and the oocyte? What does this result in?

A

hylauronic acid; no more transfer of cAMP frm granulosa cells to oocyte

45
Q

Why are low levels of cAMP critical?

A

critical for resumption of meiosis

46
Q

After LH surge, _______ occurs and _______ oocyte at MII is released.

A

ovulation; secondary

47
Q

What is the exception to cAMP theory?

A

Dog, fox- at the time of ovulation, primary oocyte at metaphase I is released

After ovulation, primary oocyte at M1 rapidly completes its 1st meiotic division

48
Q

What is the end result of the cAMP theory?

A

Germinal vesicle breaks down and first meiotic division is complete and first polar body is released.

49
Q

The first polar body has an excess of cytoplasm. True or false?

A

False- very little cytoplasm

50
Q

Where does ovulation take place in most mammals?

A

At random locations over the surface of either ovary.

51
Q

In what species do ovulations occur more frequently from the left ovary? The right?

A

left- pig and camel

right- cow

52
Q

In what animal is the ovulation site restricted to a depression in the ovary called the fossa?

A

horse

53
Q

What is the half life of FSH?

A

40 hours

54
Q

When are androgens synthesized?

A

follicular phase

55
Q

When are estrogens synthesized?

A

follicular phase

56
Q

When are progeterones synthesized?

A

luteal phase

57
Q 
In which female do dominant antral follicles develop and undergo ovulation only in follicular phase?
	A. Sow
	B. Cow
	C. Ewe
	D. Mare
A

A) sow

58
Q

As follicular maturation progresses, the ability of granulosa cells to aromatize androgens _____.

A

increases

59
Q

What are the physiological effects of low levels of estrogen?

A

positive feeback on FSH and LH secretion

60
Q

What are the physiological effects of high levels of estrodiol?

A

positive feedback on LH secretion; LH surge

61
Q

What are the physiological effects of VERY high levels of estradiol?

A

negative feeback on FSH and LH secretion

62
Q

Etradiol regulates timing of uterine ____ secretion in what species?

A

PGF; cows and sheep

63
Q

Estrogen causes growth and development of _____ for gamete transport.

A

oviducts

64
Q

When does estrogen production increase in the follicle and when is it highest?

A

increase in pre-ovulatory phase

highest at the time of LH/FSH surge

65
Q

How does estrogen effect oxytocin?

A

increases oxytocin receptor number in endometrium

66
Q

How does estrogen affect prostaglandin?

A

increases it

67
Q

Estrogen does not effect development of mamary glands. True or false?

A

False

68
Q

Progesterone is synthesized and secreted by what?

A

corpus luteum

69
Q

Preovulatory surge of LH results in what? (related to progesterone synthesis and secretion)

A

luteinization of granulosa and theca cells

70
Q

What are the postive effects of luteinization of granulosa and theca cells?

A

increase synthesis of DESMOLASE and 3b-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE

71
Q

What are the inhibitory effects of luteinization of granulosa and theca cells?

A

Decrease synthesis of 17a-HYDROXYLASE

72
Q

Why is the bitch unique in regards to progesterone?

A
  1. progesterone produces before ovulation because lutenization occurs before ovulation
  2. pseudopregnany because functional corpus luteum persists in unmated animals and after infertile mating
73
Q

In what species is the diestrus phase the same as the gestation period? How long is it?

A

dog; 60-70 days

74
Q

What is clinical pseudopregnancy?

A

exaggeration of normal physiological PP

75
Q

Lactating PP bitches are under the influence of _______.

A

prolactin

76
Q

Progesterone inhibits ________ contraction and prevents ________.

A

uterine; estrus

77
Q

Where does progesterone primarily act? What hormones does progesteron inhibit?

A

the hypothalamus; LH/FSH

78
Q

Decreasing levels of progesterone has a positive feedback on ___ and ___ from the AP after the end of _____.

A

FSH; LH; diestrus

79
Q

When does corpus luteum regress?

A

Only when CL acquires the capacity for luteal regression.

80
Q

What is luteolysis?

A

regression of CL

81
Q

Can a CL undergo lysis at any time?

A

No.

It is acquired on day 7 in cows and day 13 in pigs (post ovulation)

82
Q

What is the purpose of PGR2a?

A

It will cause luteolysis of the CL

83
Q

How is PGR2a used in cats and dogs?

A

It is ineffective in cats and has limited efficacy in dogs

84
Q

What is the mechanism of luteolysis?

A

termination of CL by the luteolytic agent, PGF2a, of uterine origin

85
Q

PGF2a only works if the animal is not pregnant. True or false?

A

True

Physio II (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions