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Term 2: Midterm/finals > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

New individuals of same species produced

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2
Q

What are reproduction essential for?

A

Survival & Genetic diversity

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3
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Asexual & sexual

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4
Q

What is the difference between an asexual and sexual reproduction in numbers

A

Asexual: reproduce alone
sexual: male and female cells

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5
Q

What are the male reproductive cells called?

A

Sperm

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6
Q

What are the female reproductive cells called?

A

Egg

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7
Q

Sperm + Eggs = ?

A

Zygote

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8
Q

When sperm + egg = zygote, what is that called?

A

Fertilisation

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9
Q

What is the reproductive cells in a sexual reproduction?

A

Gametes

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10
Q

What does the genetic diversity in sexual reproduction contribute to?

A

Adaptability & evolution

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11
Q

What are the three common types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation

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12
Q

What is a binary fission in an asexual reproduction?

A

Parent cells divide into two identical daughter cells (independent after development)

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13
Q

What is budding in asexual reproduction?

A

New organism develops from a bud of existing organism

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14
Q

What is vegetable propagation in asexual reproduction?

A

New plants from vegetable parts

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15
Q

What is the method of reproduction used by penicillin and other types of molds?

A

Spores made from mitosis (asexual)

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16
Q

What is the method of reproduction used by Pteridophyta and moss plants?

A

Spores made from meiosis (sexual)

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17
Q

What are organisms that contain or produce both male and female sex organs in same body?

A

Hermaphrodites (snails, earthworms, clownfish, sea hare…etc)

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18
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of the number of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis: 23 chromosomes
Mitosis: 46 chromosomes

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19
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of DNA?

A

Meiosis: Genetic variety
Mitosis: Exact or identical copies

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20
Q

What are the steps of Meiosis?

A

Prophase –> Metaphase –> Anaphase –> Telophase (cytokinesis)–> Prophase ll –> Metaphase ll –> Anaphase ll –> Telophase ll (cytokinesis)

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21
Q

What are sperm and eggs? (chromosomes)

A

Haploid (23 chromosomes)

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22
Q

When haploids come together, what does it form?

A

Diploid zygote (46 chromosomes)

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23
Q

What is the difference between Meiosis l and Meiosis ll?

A

Meiosis l: Genetic variety & halves chromosomes (46 –> 23)
Meiosis ll: Separation of sister chromatids

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24
Q

What happens in prophase l?

A

Crossing over

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25
Q

What happens when “crossing over” occurs in Prophase l?

A

Homologous chromosomes (non-sister chromatids) pair up (swap genes)

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26
Q

What happens in Metaphase l?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side at the center

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27
Q

What is the law of independent assortment in Mendel’s peas?

A

In metaphase I, the inheritance of one trait (like flower color) does not influence the inheritance of another trait (like seed shape) in offspring (like a card shuffle)–Genetic variety

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28
Q

What happens in Anaphase l?

A

Homologous chromosomes separated and number of chromosomes are halved

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29
Q

What happens in telophase l (cytokinesis)?

A

Chromosomes move apart and result in two daughter cells (genetically different)

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30
Q

What happens in prophase ll?

A

Chromosomes condense, new set of spindle fibers form (no crossing over)

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31
Q

What happens in metaphase ll?

A

23 chromosomes in a single file line at center of cell (like mitosis)

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32
Q

What happens in anaphase ll?

A

Sister chromatids separate (still 23 chromosomes)

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33
Q

What happens in telophase ll (cytokinesis)?

A

Separated chromosomes gather at opposite ends, splitting into new daughter cells (now 4 in total)

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34
Q

What are spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm cells in male testes (4 sperm cells)

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35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of the female egg cells (ovum)

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36
Q

Haploid + Haploid = Diploid zygote [(contain homologous chromosomes, 23 x 2 (mom and dad)], what is that called?

A

Fertilisation

37
Q

What is the difference between internal and external fertilisation?

A

Internal: Gametes meet inside the organism (animals)
External: Gametes meet outside (fish, frogs)

38
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid cell division which splits cells

39
Q

What are the new cells called in cleavage?

A

Blastomeres

40
Q

In cleavage, when the embryo contain 16-64 cells, what is it?

A

Morula

41
Q

In cleavage, when the embryo is at the 128-cell stage, what does it form?

A

Blastula (blastocoel is visible)
(-Blasto: Germ, bud
( -coel: hollow

42
Q

What does a developing blastula have?

A

Animal (smaller cells)/vegetal pole(lazy in cell division)

43
Q

What will the vegetal pole eventually give rise to?

A

Inside of organism (intestines etc)

44
Q

What will the animal pole eventually give rise to?

A

Outside of organism (skin, nerves etc)

45
Q

What is it when a hollow ball starts to move to create a blastopore?

A

Gastrulation

46
Q

What is a blastopore?

A

Small indent

47
Q

The blastopore continues to expand to form the animal’s___ and eventually the digestive system

A

Anus

48
Q

What are the three important cell types in the gastrula?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

49
Q

What do ectoderms form?

A

Outer organs (skin, nerves, eyes..etc)

50
Q

What does mesoderms form?

A

Middle-layer organs (muscles, kidney, reproductive system..etc)

51
Q

What does endoderms form?

A

Inner organs (digestive system, lungs..etc)

52
Q

What forms along the back of the embryo where the notochord (pre-spine) emerges?

A

Neural fold

53
Q

What emerges when the neural fold forms along the back of the embryo?

A

Notochord (pre-spine)

54
Q

What is a zygote also known as?

A

Totipotent

55
Q

During cell development, cells become more restricted in what they become. What does a totipotent turn into after a while?

A

Pluripotent (more restricted)

56
Q

What will the final version of a cell during embryonic development do?

A

Read specific DNA

57
Q

What are the potential uses of stem cells?

A

Cure sickness/injuries and genetic disorders

58
Q

During embryonic development, what is the stage where the cells are programmed to self-destruct? (major for fetal development)

A

Apoptosis

59
Q

What are animals in which mouth develops as the first opening in the digestive system?

A

Protostomes

60
Q

What are animals in which the first opening formed develops into the anus?

A

Deuterostomes

61
Q

In a sea urchin development, what are they surrounded by from which the early embryo hatches?

A

Fertilisation membrane

62
Q

Where does internal fertilization occur in female embryo development?

A

Fallopian tube

63
Q

During human development, after the embryo is fertilised in the female fallopian tube, where does it attach to?

A

Wall of uterus

64
Q

Where does the embryo and foetus develop in the uterus?

A

Amniotic sac (filled with fluid)

65
Q

What is the function of a placenta?

A

Exchange of wastes, gases, and nutrients

66
Q

What are organisms that have a placenta called?

A

Placental mammals (elephants, humans..etc)

67
Q

What is the passing characteristics from one generation to another? (shared DNA)

A

Heredity

68
Q

Based on Gregor Mendel, he bred purebred (true-breeding) pea plants. What seemed to be the number of offspring of each type in ratio?

A

3:1

69
Q

What are segments of DNA called?

A

Genes

70
Q

What are different versions of the same genes? (ex. same peas, diff shape)

A

Alleles

71
Q

One gene is our body codes for an enzyme that helps make skin color. What is that enzyme called?

A

Tyrosinase

72
Q

What does tyrosinase help make?

A

Melanin (skin color)

73
Q

What does it possess when the trait is dominant?

A

One or two copies of the dominant alleles

74
Q

When there are one dominant allele (capital letters) and one recessive (lowercase), what happens to the recessive?

A

Masked by dominant

75
Q

When an individual has two different alleles for a particular gene, with one as dominant and the other as recessive, what is that called?

A

Heterozygous (diff) (also hybrid or carrier)

76
Q

What does a genotype refer to?

A

Genetic info of organism (BB, Bb, bb)

77
Q

What does a phenotype refer to?

A

Expression of individual’s genes in terms if traits/features detected (bb, BB)

78
Q

What is the recessive trait usually due to the lack of?

A

Protein

79
Q

What does an individual have to be in order to make the recessive trait be expressed?

A

Homozygous recessive

80
Q

Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles in a heterozygous individual, what is that called?

A

Law of Dominance

81
Q

The inheritance of one gene does not influence the inheritance of the other gene on a different chromosome. What is that called?

A

Law of independent assortment

82
Q

When chromosomes are the same pair, what is that called?

A

Homologous chromosomes (opp is non-homologous)

83
Q

Alleles segregate randomly into gametes, what is that called?

A

Law of segregation

84
Q

What is the genotypic ratio in Mendelian genetics?

A

1:2:1

85
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio in Mendelian genetics?

A

3:1

86
Q

Some people lack skin color, eyes (etc). What is that called?

A

Albinism

87
Q

What is true-breeding? (or purebred)

A

When two parents have the same trait (both homozygous dominant)

88
Q

Which pole has the highest concentration of yolk?

A

Vegetable pole

Term 2: Midterm/finals (8 decks)

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