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biology IGCSE > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

process resulting in genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantages:
- Saves time and energy (only one parent needed)
- Quick reproduction
- Farming - crops can be reproduced very easily AND offspring will have the same desirable characteristics as parents (eg. A specific fruit)
Disadvantages:
- Evolution NOT possible - makes species more vulnerable to environmental changes (eg. Diseases)

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3
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • Process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two specialized sex cells to form genetically different offspring
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4
Q

fertilization def.

A

the fusion of the nucleus of the male gamete (sperm cell) with the nucleus of the female gamete (egg cell/ovum) to produce a zygote.

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5
Q

haploid meaning

A

nucleus of a gamete
single set of unpaired chromosomes

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6
Q

diploid meaning

A

nucleus of a zygote
two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

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7
Q

advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages:
- Evolution/variation possible
- Selective breeding - farmers producing crops can choose the best characteristics from two different strains to produce new varieties of plant
Disadvantages:
- Takes time and energy

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8
Q

pollination meaning

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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9
Q

male part in a flower

A

stamen
consists of an anther and filament

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10
Q

female part in a flower

A

carpel
consists of a style, ovary and stigma

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11
Q

sepal function

A

to protect the growing flower and help to stop it drying out

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12
Q

petal function

A

to attract insects, birds or mammals to carry out pollination

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13
Q

stamen function

A

to produce male gamete (pollen) and provide the correct structures and conditions necessary for the transfer of pollen

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14
Q

filament function

A

to hold the anther in a position where it is able to transfer pollen to an insect, mammal or bird

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15
Q

anther function

A

to produce pollen which contains the male gamete

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16
Q

stigma function

A

to trap pollen from other flowers

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17
Q

style function

A

to support and present the stigma in a position where it can receive pollen from an insect, bird or mammal

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18
Q

carpel function

A

to produce female gametes and provide the right structures and conditions necessary for fertilization

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19
Q

ovary function

A

contains ovules (which contains the female gamete) which will develop into seeds after fertilization

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20
Q

ovule function

A

female gametes are produced and contained within the ovules.

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21
Q

self-pollination meaning

A
  • The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
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22
Q

self-pollination advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantage: no need to rely on pollinators, flowers may grow in areas where pollinators may not live
Disadvantage: no variation

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23
Q

cross-pollination meaning

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species

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24
Q

cross-pollination advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantage: yes variation
Disadvantage: relies on pollinators

25
Q

petal in wind-pollinated flower

A

small and usually dull in color

26
Q

petal in insect-pollinated flower

A

large and brightly colored

27
Q

anther in wind-pollinated flower

A

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower

28
Q

anther in insect-pollinated flower

A

located inside flower

29
Q

stigma in wind-pollinated flower

A

feathery, loosely attached and dangle outside flower

30
Q

stigma in insect-pollinated flower

A

located inside flower

31
Q

germination definition

A

process in which seeds grow and develop to become a plant

32
Q

conditions for germination

A
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Weather
33
Q

testis function

A

organ in which sperm cells and testosterone are produced

34
Q

scrotum function

A

sack of skin that contains the testes, helping to keep them at a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body

35
Q

prostate glands function

A

secretes fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm

36
Q

sperm duct function

A

muscular tube that connects a testis to the urethra

37
Q

urethra function

A

tube that allows the passage of semen and urine through the centre of the penis

38
Q

penis function

A

during sexual intercourse, the penis is inserted into the vagina, allowing the sperm to transfer into the female reproductive system

39
Q

the sperm cell consists of:

A

the flagellum
mitochondria
acrosome
nucleus

40
Q

ovary function

A

produces:
- egg cells
- oestrogen
- progesterone

41
Q

oviduct function

A

tube connecting an ovary to the uterus; where fertilization occurs

42
Q

uterus function

A

organ in which the embryo develops

43
Q

cervix function

A

ring of muscle between the vagina and the uterus

44
Q

vagina function

A

elastic muscular canal through which the newborn passes during childbirth

during sexual intercourse, male’s penis is inserted into vagina

45
Q

Embryo definition

A

a ball of cells produced by cell division of a zygote

46
Q

amniotic sac

A

thin sac that protects the fetus within the uterus. Filled with amniotic fluid

47
Q

placenta

A

structure that grows inside the mother, attached to the wall of her uterus

48
Q

functions of the placenta

A
  • Transfers substances from the mother to the fetus
    - Transfers waste substances from the fetus to the mother so she can excrete them
49
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects the fetus to the placenta

50
Q

main male sex hormone

A

testosterone

51
Q

main female sex hormone

A

oestrogen

52
Q

what are the 4 hormones involved in the control of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A
  • FSH
  • LSH
  • Oestrogen - produced by the ovary
  • Progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary
53
Q

FSH effect

A

causes an egg in the ovary to mature

54
Q

LH effect

A

stimulates the release of a mature egg

55
Q

oestrogen and progesterone effect

A

involved in maintaining the lining of the uterus

56
Q

FSH interaction

A

stimulates the ovary to secrete oestrogen

57
Q

oestrogen interaction

A

inhibits the release of FSH
stimulates the release of LH

58
Q

progesterone interaction

A

inhibits the release of FSH and LH

59
Q

around 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, what happens?

A

the placenta takes over the production of oestrogen and progesterone, ensuring that:
- No more eggs are released from the ovaries
- Maintain a thick uterus lining to support the growing fetus
- Prevent the muscles of the uterus contracting, which would cause the early delivery of a premature baby

biology IGCSE (22 decks)

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