Reproduction

Question 1

What are traits of asexual reproduction

Answer 1

Needs a single parent

Doesn’t involve gametes

Offspring are identical to the parent
Eg some fungi, plants and animals

Question 2

Traits of sexual reproduction

Answer 2

Need 2 gametes

A male and female parent

Question 3

What is an asexual reproduction advantage

Answer 3

Doesn’t involve time and energy to find a mate

Question 4

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

It reduces genetic variation which is a disadvantage for natural selection in a changing environment

Question 5

Asexual reproduction in Australian plants

Define vegetative propagation

Answer 5

Parts of the parent plant detach and grow into new Individuals

Question 6

Asexual reproduction in Australian plants

Advantage of vegetation propagation

Answer 6

Less time and energy to produce new individuals. The need for pollinations and pollination, fertilisation, the production of seed and seed desperado is removed

Question 7

Asexual reproduction in Australian plants

Disadvantages of vegetation propagation

Answer 7

Lack of genetic diversity. Not a problem when the environment is stable but lack of variation reduced survival chances for evolution if the environment changes

Question 8

Asexual reproduction in Australian plants

What is Totipotent

Answer 8

The cells that can give rise to all parts of an organism

Question 9

Asexual reproduction in Australian plants

What is a form of vegetation propagation

Answer 9

When people take cuttings from a plant and grow a new plant from the cutting. Cutting can be from stem, roots, leaves or petals. The new plant will be identical to parent plant

Question 10

How do Plants that live in harsh environments reproduce?

Answer 10

Asexually, they have features that suit the habitat and if conditions don’t change they will survive and multiply, all with identical features.

Question 11

What type of tissue do plants have?

Answer 11

Meristematic tissue of undifferentiated cells that can divide to reproduce new growth

Parenchyma cells can divide and differentiate to form specialised cells to repair damage, maintain plant tissue and regenerate lost parts.

Question 12

Where are parenchyma cells found in a plant?

Answer 12

Stems and roots and store starch

Question 13

When do adventitious shoots arise

Answer 13

When the root system produces so many new growths that some become shoot systems

Question 14

What happens in vegetative propagation

Answer 14

A plant fragment will grow roots to obtain nutrients and water and a new plant forms

Question 15

What are stolons

Answer 15

Runners that grow along the surface producing new roots and leaves at nodes eg spinifex grass

Question 16

What are tubers

Answer 16

Swollen underground stems that store food and new plants can grow from the Tuber eg a potato

Question 17

What are rhizomes

Answer 17

Underground stems that give rise to new roots and shoots at the nodes eg ferns, kangaroo paws, native finer and grasses

Question 18

What is the Australian native grass used as lawn grass

Answer 18

Couch grass spreads by stolons and has underground rhizomes which aid its spread across the area. Found in wetlands and ricer edges

Question 19

What are suckers

Answer 19

Suckers are new shoots that arise from roots or underground stems, often after fires.

Question 20

Lead modifications for asexual reproduction

What do bulbs consists of

Answer 20

A modified stem which is the base plate and on top are a number of leaves. The leaves form a sheath and are non photosynthesising and surrounded by a papery bract. Eg onion

Question 21

What is it called if the gametes are identical

Answer 21

Isogametes

Question 22

What do each parent produce

Answer 22

Gametes (sex cells) that are haploid with one set of chromosomes. Half the number of chromosomes.

Question 23

What is the ovum

Answer 23

A large, inactive cell containing a store of food to provide energy for the zygote until it grows to a stage it can feed itself

Question 24

What is the nucleus in the sperm

Answer 24

A small head piece with an acrosome at the tip which contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg

Question 25

What is behind the head of sperm

Answer 25

Behind the head the sperm has a middle price with large numbers of mitochondria which provide energy for the movements of the tail

Question 26

What are gametes produced in

Answer 26

Gonads, which are sex organs in males and females

Question 27

What are the females and male gonads

Answer 27

Ovaries and tested

Question 28

What are hermaphrodites

Answer 28

The individual has both female and Male gonads. They can function both as male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and egg. Eg flatworms

Question 29

What is fertilisation

Answer 29

The union of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 30

When are offspring likely to be born

Answer 30

When there is plentiful food and resources to help aid survival of the young

Question 31

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 31

Variation in genotypes means that some individuals have favourable gene combinations to selective pressures in the new environment. This helps natural selection, evolution and survival

Allows multiple numbers of offspring which increases variation for natural selection in a changing environment

The recombination of genes may lead to harmful genes being removed from a population