Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMT Biology Flashcards > Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

A
  • asexual reproduction involves mitosis to produce genetically identical copies
  • sexual reproduction involves the combination of sperm and egg cells to create a zygote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

The zygote is the diploid cell formed from the fusion of a sperm and egg cell, it becomes an embryo after it begins to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Advantage - introduces variation
Disadvantage - slower and produces a limited amount of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Advantage - produces lots of offspring quickly
Disadvantage - it doesn’t introduce variation so all offspring are susceptible to the same environmental pressures as the parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State 3 features of insect pollinated plants

A
  • bright coloured flowers
  • sweet nectar
  • sticky pollen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State 3 features of wind pollinated plants

A
  • no bright colours
  • stigma exposed to air
  • light pollen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation in plants

A
  • pollen grain lands on the stigma
  • pollen tube begins to grow from the pollen grain into the ovary
  • pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the egg
  • fruit and seeds form from the egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can seeds grow before they can photosynthesise?

A

They use energy stores of starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give one natural example of plant cloning

A

Plant runners from strawberries and spider plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give one artificial example of plant cloning

A

Tissue cuttings placed in a growth medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes the uterus lining to thicken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

The ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormone does oestrogen inhibit?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the womb lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormone does progesterone inhibit?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulates the follicle to mature and release oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does luteinising hormone do?

A

Causes the release of an egg from a follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone secreted from?

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is luteinising hormone secreted from?

A

The pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are eggs produced?

A

In the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are egg cells adapted to their function?

A
  • large cells
  • contain a larger cytoplasm for the lots of divisions they undergo
  • have a haploid nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A
  • acrosome contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate the egg
  • haploid nucleus
  • tail so it can swim to the egg
  • lots of mitochondria for energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?

A

To protect the developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta?

A

To allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother to the fetus during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What role does oestrogen play during puberty?

A
  • increases breast size
  • triggers the development of the uterus
  • causes eggs to mature during the menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What role does testosterone play during puberty?

A
  • triggers growth and development of the penis and testes
  • causes the voice to deepen
  • triggers te growth of pubic hair
  • increases muscle mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the genome?

A

All of the genes present in an organism

29
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cells

30
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Tightly packaged DNA around histone proteins

31
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46

32
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

33
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus of the cell

34
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

35
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  • its a polymer made of many nucleotide monomers
  • made of 2 strands in the shape of a double helix
36
Q

Name the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G)

37
Q

State 2 differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded
  • RNA contains uracil (U) whereas DNA contains thymine (T)
38
Q

How do the bases in DNA pair up?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine (A and T)
Cytosine pairs with guanine (C with G)

39
Q

Describe transcription

A
  • DNA unzipped
  • complementary mRNA nucleotides bind and are joined together
  • mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus
40
Q

What is a codon?

A

A group of 3 bases on the mRNA molecule that code for a single amino acid

41
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 bases on a tRNA molecule that match the codon on the mRNA molecule

42
Q

Describe translation

A
  • mRNA travels to a ribosome
  • tRNA molecules with an anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA molecule carry amino acids to the ribosome
  • the amino acids are joined together
43
Q

How does the sequence of bases affect the protein made in protein synthesis?

A

DNA is a triplet code where 3 bases code for one amino acid and the order of amino acids determine the protein produced

44
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

45
Q

What is a dominante allele?

A

A version of a gene where only one cope is needed for it to be exposed

46
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

47
Q

What is meant when an organism is homozygous?

A

When an organism has two copies of the same allele

48
Q

What is meant when an organism is heterozygous?

A

When an organism has two different versions of the same gene

49
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The genes present for a trait

50
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The visible characteristic

51
Q

What is codominance?

A

When two alleles affect the phenotype

52
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of one allele

53
Q

What do family pedigrees show?

A

The inheritance of an allele over generations

54
Q

Give 3 processes that require mitosis

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • asexual reproduction
55
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

One parent cell produces two daughter cells

56
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

One parent cell produces 4 daughter cells

57
Q

Give 2 differences between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • mitosis produces 2 genetically identical cells whereas meiosis produces 4 genetically different cells
  • mitosis produces diploid cells whereas meiosis produces haploid cells
58
Q

What is random fertilisation?

A
  • the random chance of a specific sperm combining with a specific egg
  • this increases variation as any female can mate with any male and any one of the millions of sperm could fertilise the egg
59
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Genetic variation and environmental variation

60
Q

State 2 traits in humans caused only by genetic variation

A
  • eye colour
  • blood type
61
Q

State 2 traits in humans caused by a mix of environmental and genetic variation

A
  • height
  • weight
62
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in the genetic material of an organism

63
Q

How do mutations alter the phenotype?

A
  • mutations alter the genetic material (DNA)
  • this can cause it to code for a different sequence of amino acids
  • a different sequence of amino acids means that the protein will be different
64
Q

Give 3 environmental factors that can increase the chances of mutations

A
  • exposure to UV radiation
  • exposure to X-rays
  • certain chemicals like carcinogens in cigarette smoke
65
Q

Describe the process of natural selection

A
  • populations are naturally varied due to random genetic mutations
  • some of these mutations provide a selective advantage
  • these organisms survive and reproduce, passing on the successful genes
66
Q

Define evolution

A

Evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time due to natural selection

67
Q

Describe how antibiotic resistance arises

A
  • a random genetic mutation causes a bacterium to become resistant to the antibiotic
  • when the antibiotic is used, all the bacteria that don’t have the mutation are killed
  • the population containing just the resistant bacteria then begins the grow
68
Q

What are the risks of antibiotic resistance?

A

Bacteria that cause infections that are resistant to antibiotics are hard to treat and can pose a serious threat to our health

PMT Biology Flashcards (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions