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endo final > reproductive > Flashcards

reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 way do you characterize males?

A

XY
testis
external genitalia

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2
Q

what 3 ways do you characterize females?

A

XX
ovaries
external genitalia

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3
Q

when do testes begin to develop in males?

A

6-7 wks

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4
Q

when do ovaries begin to develop in females?

A

9 wks

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5
Q

what 3 gonad cell types are in males?

A

Germ cell-> produce spermatogonia
sertoli cells-> synthesize antimullerian hormone and inhibin
leydig cells -> synthesize testosterone

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6
Q

what 3 gonad cell types in females?

A

Germ cells -> produce oogonia
Theca cells -> synthesize progesterone
Theca + Granulosa cells -> synthesize estrogen

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7
Q

in females what internal genital tract is developed from mullerian ducts?

A

1/3 of the vagina

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8
Q

what do the testes in males produce?

A

antimullerian hormone and testosterone( both required for male phenotype)

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9
Q

what consists of the wolffian ducts?

A

epididymis
vas deferns
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts

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10
Q

what hormone stimulate growth and differentiation of wolffian ducts?

A

testosterone

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11
Q

what causes atrophy of mullerian ducts?

A

antimullerian

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12
Q

what does growth and development of the external genitalia depend on?

A

conversion of dihydrotesterone and androgen receptors

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13
Q

what do mullerian ducts consist of?

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina

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14
Q

in androgen insensitivity syndrome what is male and what is female?

A

presense of testes and underdeveloped female external genitalia

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15
Q

in androgen insensitivity syndrome what do the testes secrete?

A

both antimullerain and testosterone in utero = suppresses mullerian ducts

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16
Q

in AIS breast development is due to what?

A

testes producing estradiol from testosterone stimulated by high LH

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17
Q

what promotes breast development?

A

estradiol

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18
Q

what is male and female gonadal function driven by?

A

hypothalamic pit axis

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19
Q

what secretion begins at week 4 of gestation?

A

GnRH

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20
Q

when does FSH and LH secretion begin?

A

10-12 weeks in gestation

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21
Q

what hormones remain low until puberty?

A

FSH LH

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22
Q

in old age gonadotropin is release more so in males or females?

A

females

in old and childhood FSH is greater than LH

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23
Q

what events make the onset of puberty?

A

pulsatile secretion of GnRH
large nocturnal pulses of LH
increased sensitivity of GnRH on its ant pit receptor
increased levels of sex steroids

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24
Q

what role does melatonin play in the onset of puberty?

A

inhibiton of GnRH (- melatonin = + GnRH)

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25
Q

when are melatonin levels the highest?

A

childhook and decreased during adulthood

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26
Q

what happens if you remove the pineal gland?

A

earlier onset of puberty

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27
Q

what are the events of puberty for boys?

A

12-16yrs = pubic hair
13-15 yrs= penile growth
13-16yrs= growth spurt

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28
Q

what are the event of puberty for girls?

A

11-15 yrs= breast development
9-15 yrs = pubic hair
10-16 yrs= menarche
11-14 yrs= growth spurt

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29
Q

what cells synthesize testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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30
Q

what is responsible for growth of the testes?

A

increased number of seminiferous tubules= initiation of spermatogenesis

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31
Q

what synthesizes estradiol?

A

the ovaries

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32
Q

in females what is pubic hair and menarche dependent on?

A

secretion of adrenal androgens (adrenarche)

33
Q

what enzymes do testes lack?

A

21 b- hydroxylase

11b-hydroxylase

34
Q

what additional enzyme do the testes have?

A

17b-hydroxysteroid dehydro

35
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the formation of testosterone?

A

17b-hydroxysteriod dehydro

36
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5a-reductase

37
Q

what plasma proetien acts as a reservoir for circulating testosterone?

A

sex steroid binding globulin

38
Q

what type of testosterone is biologically active?

A

free

39
Q

what does FSH stimulate in the testes?

A

spermatogenesis and seroli cell funct

40
Q

what does LH stimulate in the testes?

A

secretion of testosterone

41
Q

what does testosterone inhibit in the testes?

A

ant pit= LH

hypoT= GnRH

42
Q

what does Aromatase do?

A

convert testosterone to 17b-estradiol

43
Q

what do Theca cells synthesize and secrete?

A

progesterone and androstenedione

44
Q

what does LH stimulate in the ovaries?

A

cholesterol desmolase in Theca cells

45
Q

what does FSH stimulare in the ovaries?

A

aromatase in granulosa cells

46
Q

what is the first 14 days of the menstrual cycle called?

A

follicular phase

47
Q

what hormone dominates the follicular phase(1st 14 days)?

A

estrogen (17b-estradiol)= get uterus ready for pregnancy

48
Q

what is the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle called?

A

luteal phase

49
Q

what dominates the luteal phase? (last 14 days)

A

corpus luteum

50
Q

what initiates ovulation ?

A

LH

51
Q

what hormone dominate the ovulatory phase?

A

progesterone

52
Q

what does estrogen do in the uterus?

A

cell prolif
cell growth
increased contractility

53
Q

what does estrogen do in the fallopian tubes?

A

stims ciliary activity and contraction= aids sperm movement

54
Q

what does estrogen do in the cervix?

A

causes cervical mucous

55
Q

what does progesterone do in the cervix>?

A

decreases quantity of cervical mucous= thicker

56
Q

what does estrogen do in the vagina?

A

stimulates prolif of epithelial cells

57
Q

what does progesterone do in the vagina?

A

stimulates differentiation but inhibits prolif of epithelial cells

58
Q

what does estrogen do for the development of mammary glands?

A

stims growth of lobular ducts
enlargement of areola
increase adipose

59
Q

what does estrogen work with to stimulate secretory activity in the lobular ducts?

A

progesterone

60
Q

during early pregnancy when does the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) take place?

A

day 8

61
Q

what will the inner mass of the blastocyst become?

A

fetus

62
Q

what will the outter rim of the blastocyst become?

A

trophoblast

63
Q

when does the trophoblast begin to secrete HCG?

A

day 8

64
Q

during the first trimester of pregnancy what sharply peaks at 9 wks?

A

HCG

65
Q

during the first trimester of pregnancy what is stimulated to produce E and P

A

CL

66
Q

during the second trimester of pregnancy what takes over production of steroid hormones with the mother and fetus?

A

placenta

67
Q

during the second trimester of pregnancy what is the major estrogen?

A

estriol

68
Q

what accounts for a steep rise in estriol in maternal blood during the last weeks of pregnancy?

A

fetal DHEA-Sulfate

69
Q

what is the hormone of the highest conc during the last half of pregnancy?

A

prolactin

70
Q

what suppresses lactation?

A

P and E

71
Q

what is produced in the placenta, drives the fetal pit-adrenal axis to produce cortisol?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

72
Q

what is important to produce fetal lung surfactant?

A

fetal cortisol

73
Q

during parturition what stimulates production of PGE2 and PGE2a?

A

estrogen/estriol

74
Q

during parturition what is produced by the CL and relaxes the pubic ligament and softens the cervix?

A

relaxin

75
Q

what stimulates both placental and fetal production of CRH->ACTH-> cortisol, and ruptures the fetal membranes?

A

PGF and PGE

76
Q

what is used clinically to induce labor?

A

oxytocin

77
Q

what stimulates a powerful slow and prolonged contraction of the uterine myometrium at the end of pregnancy, and protects again hemorrhage after expulsion of the fetus?

A

oxytocin

78
Q

in lactation what does oxytocin induce and prolactin stimulate?

A 
oxytocin= milk let down= contraction of myoepi cells
prolactin- milk production
79
Q

what hormones do prolactin inhibit?

A

GnRH

FSH and LH

endo final (3 decks)

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