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Final review questions > Reproductive & Development > Flashcards

Reproductive & Development Flashcards

1
Q

The first menses is called menarche, and the permanent cessation of menses is called menopause.

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis does not occur at normal core body temperature.

T/F

A

T

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3
Q

The route of sperm from the production in the testes to the exterior of the body is: seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice.

T/F

A

T

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4
Q

Which of the following are functions of Sertoli cells?

  1. Protection of developing spermatogenic cells
  2. Nourishment of spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm
  3. Phagocytosis of excess sperm cytoplasm as development proceeds
  4. Mediation of the effects of testosterone and FSH
  5. Control of movements of spermatogenic cells and release of sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules

1, 2, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 5

2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 4

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

A

E

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5
Q

Which of the following are true?

  1. An erection is a sympathetic response initiated by sexual stimulation.
  2. Dilation of blood vessels supplying erectile tissue results in erection.
  3. Nitric oxide causes smooth muscle within erectile tissue to relax, which results in widening of blood sinuses.
  4. Ejaculation is a sympathetic reflex coordinated by the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
  5. The purpose of the corpus cavernosa penis is to keep the spongy urethra open during ejaculation.

1, 2, and 3

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

2 and 3

2, 3, and 4

1, 2, 3, and 4

A

D

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6
Q

Which of the following are true concerning estrogens?

  1. They promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics.
  2. They help control fluid and electrolyte balance.
  3. They increase protein catabolism.
  4. They lower blood cholesterol.
  5. In moderate levels, they inhibit the release of GnRH and the secretion of LH and FSH

1, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 4

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

A

B

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7
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. A sperm head contains DNA and an acrosome.
  2. An acrosome is a specialized lysosome that contains enzymes that enable sperm to produce the ATP needed to propel themselves out of the male reproductive tract.
  3. Mitochondria in the midpiece of a sperm produce ATP for sperm motility.
  4. A sperm’s tail, a flagellum, propels it along its way.
  5. Once ejaculated, sperm are viable and normally are able to fertilize a secondary oocyte for 5 days.

1, 2, 3, and 4

2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 4

2, 4, and 5

2, 3, and 4

A

C

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8
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. Spermatogonia are stem cells because when they undergo mitosis, some of the daughter cells remain to serve as a reservoir of cells for future mitosis.
  2. Meiosis I is a division of pairs of chromosomes resulting in daughter cells with only one member of each chromosome pair.
  3. Meiosis II separates the chromatids of each chromosome.
  4. Spermiogenesis involves the maturation of spermatids into sperm.
  5. The process by which the seminiferous tubules produce haploid sperm is called spermatogenesis

1, 2, 3, and 5

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 4

1, 3, and 5

A

B

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9
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. Cells from the yolk sac give rise to oogonia.
  2. Ova arise from the germinal epithelium of the ovary.
  3. Primary oocytes enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty.
  4. Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it proceeds to metaphase of meiosis II and stops at this stage.
  5. The secondary oocyte resumes meiosis II and forms the ovum and a polar body only if fertilization occurs.
  6. A primary oocyte gives rise to an ovum and four polar bodies.

1, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 6

1, 2, 4, and 6

1, 2, 4, and 5

1, 2, 5, and 6

A

A

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10
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. The female reproductive cycle consists of a menstrual phase, a preovulatory phase, ovulation, and a postovulatory phase.
  2. During the menstrual phase, small secondary follicles in the ovary begin to enlarge while the uterus is shedding its lining.
  3. During the preovulatory phase, a dominant follicle continues to grow and begins to secrete estrogens and inhibin while the uterine lining begins to rebuild.
  4. Ovulation results in the release of an ovum and the shedding of the uterine lining to nourish and support the released ovum.
  5. After ovulation, a corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle and begins to secrete progesterone and estrogens, which it will continue to do throughout pregnancy if the egg is fertilized.
  6. If pregnancy does not occur, then the corpus luteum degenerates into a scar called the corpus albicans, and the uterine lining is prepared to be shed again

1, 2, 4, and 5

2, 4, 5, and 6

1, 4, 5, and 6

1, 3, 4, and 6

1, 2, 3, and 6

A

C

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11
Q

Oral contraceptives work by:

  1. Causing a thickening of the cervical mucus
  2. Blocking the uterine tubes
  3. Inhibiting the release of FSH and LH
  4. Preventing ovulation
  5. Disrupting the plasma membranes of sperm
  6. Irritating the endometrial lining so that it is inhospitable for fetal development

3 only

3 and 4

1, 2, and 5

1, 3, and 4

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

A

D

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12
Q

The muscular layer of the uterus, which is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth, is called the:

Endometrium

Parametrium

Perimetrium

Myometrium

A

D

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13
Q

The paraurethral glands produce mucus in the female during sexual arousal and intercourse and are homologous to the male bulbourethral glands.

T/F

A

T

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14
Q

Which tube in the male reproductive system carries the sperm from the scrotum into the abdominopelvic cavity for release by ejaculation, and is frequently cut and tied as a means of sterilization?

Urethra

Epididymus

Ductus deferens

Seminal vesicles

A

C

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15
Q

Spermatogenic cells are found in the seminal vesicles.

T/F

A

F

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16
Q

Negative feedback by gonadotropins on which endocrine glands prevent the release of FSH and LH, either directly or indirectly?

Anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Ovaries and testes

Anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

A

A

17
Q

Uterine contractions during childbirth are stimulated by the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.

T/F

A

F

18
Q

Which of the following cells is haploid?

Primary oocyte

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary oocyte

Spermatogonium

A

C

19
Q

When a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid ovum, the resulting cell is known as a zygote.

T/F

A

T

20
Q

The three stages of true labor, in order of occurrence, are:

intermittent contractions, regular contractions, birth

Uterine contractions, dilation, expulsion

Placental detachment, cervical dilation, birth

Stage of dilation, stage of expulsion, placental stage

A

D

21
Q

Hormones produced by the corpus luteum are responsible for maintaining the pregnancy during the first 3–4 months. The hormone responsible for preventing degeneration of the corpus luteum is progesterone produced by the trophoblast.

T/F

A

F

22
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to all of the following body tissues except:

Muscles

Bones

Skin

Peritoneum

A

C

23
Q

Labor is an example of a negative feedback cycle that ends with the birth of the infant.

T/F

A

F

24
Q

Which of the following are true?

  1. During implantation the outer cell mass of the blastocyst orients toward the endometrium.
  2. The decidua basalis provides glycogen and lipids for the developing fetus.
  3. The decidua parietalis becomes the maternal part of the placenta.
  4. During implantation, the syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes that allow the blastocyst to penetrate the uterine lining.
  5. After fetal delivery, the decidua separates from the endometrium and is released from the uterus.

2, 4, and 5

1, 2, and 3

2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 5

A

A

25
Q

Which of the following are maternal changes that occur during pregnancy?

  1. Altered pulmonary function
  2. Increased stroke volume, cardiac output, and heart rate, and decreased blood volume
  3. Weight gain
  4. Increased gastric motility, causing a delay in gastric emptying time
  5. Edema and possible varicose veins

1, 2, 3, and 4

2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 5

2, 4, and 5

A

D

26
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

Normal traits always dominate over abnormal traits.

Occasionally an error in meiosis called nondisjunction results in an abnormal number of chromosomes.

The mother always determines the sex of the child because she has either an X or Y gene in her oocytes.

Most patterns of inheritance are simple dominant-recessive inheritances.

Genes are expressed normally regardless of any outside influence such as chemicals or radiation

A

B

27
Q

Which of the following are true concerning fertilization?

  1. The sperm first penetrate the zona pellucida and then the corona radiata.
  2. The binding of specific membrane proteins in the sperm head to ZP3 causes the release of acrosomal contents.
  3. Sperm are able to fertilize the oocyte within minutes after ejaculation.
  4. Depolarization of the cell membrane of the secondary oocyte inhibits fertilization by more than one sperm.
  5. The oocyte completes meiosis II after fertilization

1, 2, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 4

1, 4, and 5

2, 4, and 5

A

E

28
Q

Amniotic fluid:

  1. Is derived entirely from a filtrate of maternal blood
  2. Acts as a fetal shock absorber
  3. Provides nutrients to the fetus
  4. Helps regulate fetal body temperature
  5. Prevents adhesions between the skin of the fetus and surrounding tissues

a) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
b) 2, 4, and 5
c) 2, 3, 4, and 5
d) 1, 4, and 5
e) 1, 2, 4, and 5

A

E

29
Q

Which of the following structures develop during the fourth week after fertilization?

  1. Embryonic folding
  2. The neural tube
  3. Otic placode (beginning of the ear)
  4. Beginning of the eyes
  5. Upper and lower limb buds

1 and 2

1, 2, and 5

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

2, 3, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

A

C

30
Q

The outer layer of the cells in the blastocyst is known as the:

Embryoblast

Trophoblast

Decidua

Morula

A

B

31
Q

When blood vessels begin to form in the embryo during the third week of development, the process is known as angiogenesis.

T/F

A

T

32
Q

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor is:

Relaxin

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Progesteron

A

A

33
Q

Cortisol is necessary to help promote lung maturation in a fetus.

T/F

A

T

34
Q

The process of giving birth may also be called:

Capacitation

Parturition

Syngamy

Puerperium

A

B

35
Q

An amniocentesis is a noninvasive test of the fetal cells that are found in the mother’s blood.

T/F

A

F

36
Q

The physical expression of the genotype for an organism is the:

Haplotype

Dominant trait

Recessive trait

Phenotype

A

D

37
Q

Traits that are carried on the X or Y chromosomes follow polygenic inheritance patterns

T/F

A

F

38
Q

The outer layer of the blastocyst will eventually form the:

Chorion and fetal portion of the placenta

Maternal portion of the placenta and the allantois

Amnion and chorion

Umbilical cord and allantois

A

A

39
Q

Because a human embryo gets its nourishment from the mother, the yolk sac has no role in human development.

T/F

A

F

Final review questions (3 decks)

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