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BMSC 208 > Reproductive III > Flashcards

Reproductive III Flashcards

1
Q

In terrestrial vertebrates internal fertilization requires interactive behaviors and specialized adaptations of the genitalia: ?

A

-females must have a receptacle for sperm
-males must possess an organ to deposit sperm in receptacle

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2
Q

The human sex act in both sexes is divided into four phases: ?

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
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3
Q

___________: erotic stimuli prepare for copulation

A

Excitement

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4
Q

Erection in both sexes is a state of ______________, arterial blood flow into spongy erectile tissue exceeds venous outflow.

A

vasocongestion

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5
Q

Erotic stimuli include sexually arousing ______, _______ and ____________ stimuli.

A

tactile, sensory, psychological

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6
Q

Regions of body with receptors for tactile stimuli: __________ _______

A

erogenous zones

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7
Q

_________ stimuli is the most variable
_______/_________ generally remain the same

A

Psychological, Tactile, sensory

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8
Q

_________: changes that started during excitement intensify

A

Plateau

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9
Q

________: in both sexes is a series of muscle contractions accompanied by intense pleasurable sensations and increased blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rates

A

Orgasm

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10
Q

__________: parameters return to normal

A

Resolution

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11
Q

__________ reflex:
A key element to successful copulation is the ability of the male to achieve and sustain an erection

A

Erection

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12
Q

The erection reflex is induced by increased _________ output

A

parasympathetic

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13
Q

Order these statements according the “erection reflex:”
1. NO then enters smooth muscle cell and causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (↑MLCP, ↓Ca2+i)
2. engorgement compresses veins, decreasing outflow
3. results in production of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells
4. ACh released from parasympathetic nerves binds muscarinic ACh receptors on endothelial cells

A

4, 3, 1, 2

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14
Q

_______ coincides with emission and ejaculation

A

Climax

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15
Q

_________: (sympathetic) is the movement of sperm out of the vas deferens and into the urethra, where it is joined by secretions from the accessory glands to make semen.

A

Emission

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16
Q

_________: (somatic) is the expulsion of semen (~3ml) by a series of rapid muscular contractions accompanied by sensations of pleasure.

A

Ejaculation

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17
Q

Erection and ejaculation can/cannot occur in absence of mechanical stimulation, non-sexual erection occurs in REM sleep

A

can

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18
Q

______ _________ (impotence): the inability to achieve or sustain an erection, disrupts the sex act for both men and women.

A

Erectile dysfunction

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19
Q

Here are some causes of impotence:
1. ________: damage to nerves and vascular
2. __________ disease and atherosclerosis: ED can be an early warning sign of CVD
3. _________ disorders
4. Various ______, alcohol and tobacco

A

Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Neurological, drugs

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20
Q

Sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors for ED:
- Are considered __________ inhibitors
-Activates myosin _____ chain phosphatase
-________ SR Ca2+ reuptake

A

phosphodiesterase, light, increases

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21
Q

__________ (Addyi) helps restore prefrontal cortex control over the brain’s motivation/ reward pathways that enable sexual desire

A

Flibanserin

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22
Q

Phase 3 trial ___________________, a synthetic hormone that acts in the hypothalamus, where it targets the melanocortin receptor, believed to be involved in upregulating a woman’s sexual response to appropriate cues. Has to be injected, no oral option

A

bremelanotide

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23
Q

Contraceptives are designed to prevent __________

A

pregnancy

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24
Q

Contraceptive practice falls under 3 categories: ?

A
  1. Abstinence
  2. Sterilization
  3. Interventional methods
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25
Q

_________: the total avoidance of sexual intercourse

A

Abstinence

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26
Q

____________: tubal ligation or vasectomy

A

Sterilization

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27
Q

What are the 3 Interventional methods?

A

i. barrier methods
ii. implantation prevention
iii. hormonal treatments

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28
Q

What is the most common sterilization in females?

A

Tubal ligation

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29
Q

What is the most common sterilization in males?

A

Vasectomy

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30
Q

What are some male/female barrier methods?

A

Male/female condom
Cervical cap with jelly
Sponge

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31
Q

What is an example of implantation prevention?

A

Intrauterine device (IUD)
chemicals that change the properties of the endometrium

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32
Q

IUD: plastic devices (some wrapped in copper) that create a mild _____________ reaction in the endometrium that prevents the implantation of a fertilized egg as well as kill sperm.

A

inflammatory

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33
Q

Copper acts as a _________

A

spermicide

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34
Q

After complete abstinence and sterilization, this is considered the next most effective?

A

Implantation prevention

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35
Q

Techniques for decreasing gamete production depend on altering the hormonal environment of the body = ?

A

Hormonal treatments

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36
Q

Various combinations of estrogen and progesterone inhibit gonadotroin secretion (LH and FSH) from the anterior pituitary necessary for ovulation. Progesterone also thickens cervical mucus = ?

A

Hormonal treatments

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37
Q

What are 3 examples of hormonal treatments?

A

Implant
Patch
Oral

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38
Q

_________: the inability to conceive

A

Infertility

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39
Q

What are the 3 most common forms of infertility in males?

A

Low sperm count
Abnormal motility
Abnormal sperm

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40
Q

What is the cause of infertility?

A

1/3 it’s the male, 1/3 it’s the female, 1/3 reason unknown/unidentifiable

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41
Q

Male infertility is usually characterized by something wrong with the _______

A

sperm

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42
Q

_________: development of varicose veins in the testes, not completely understood, causes expansion of the veins, also causes an increase in temperature

A

Varicocele

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43
Q

There are 4 main causes of female infertility: ?

A

Damaged fallopian tubes
Ovulation disorders
Endometriosis
Uterine/cervical disorders

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44
Q

PCOS, hypothalamic dysfunction, premature ovarian insufficiency are examples of what?

A

Ovulation disorders

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45
Q

Cervical stenosis, characterized by the narrowing of the cervix, is an example of?

A

Uterine/cervical disorders

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46
Q

What is the most common example of assisted reproductive technology?

A

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

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47
Q

In IVF, 2009 US success rate averaging ___% (41-43% in women younger than 35, 13-18% in females over 40

A

31

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48
Q

Three kinds of artificial insemination:
__________ insemination (ICI)
___________ insemination (ITI)
__________ insemination (IUI)

A

Intracervical, Intratubual, Intrauterine

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49
Q

May be first choice for couples with low sperm count, as it is a lot less expensive, and a lot less invasive, as it increases the chance of sperm making it to the egg = ?

A

Artificial insemination

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50
Q

Fertilization requires _____________

A

capacitation

51
Q

Sperm sheds surface molecules (proteins and carbohydrates) allowing them to _______ swim and penetrate an egg, believed to depend on substances produced in _______ (albumin, lipoproteins, proteolytic enzymes)

A

rapidly, uterus

52
Q

Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs by chance, possibly aided by chemical __________ produced by the egg

A

attractants

53
Q

An egg is viable to be fertilized for ___-___ hours post ovulation

A

12-24

54
Q

Sperm will remain viable in the female reproductive tract for __-__ days

A

5-6

55
Q

Reason sperm needs to be rinsed in IVF is to cause __________

A

capacitation

56
Q

Fertilization commonly occurs in _______ portion of fallopian tube

A

distal

57
Q

Of the millions of sperm deposited about ____ reach this point

A

100

58
Q

Sperm must penetrate loosely connected _______ cells and the zona _______ layer

A

granulosa, pellucida

59
Q

Capacitation, then ________ reaction, then _______ reaction

A

acrosomal, cortical

60
Q

Order these statements:
1. Oocyte nucleus completes meiotic division
2. Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse
3. Sperm nucleus moves into cytoplasm of egg
4. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote nucleus
5. Cortical reaction

A

2, 5, 3, 1, 4

61
Q

The developing embryo implants in the ___________

A

endometrium

62
Q

_________ slows down smooth muscle contraction in fallopian tubes

A

Progesterone

63
Q

_________ is what implants into the wall of the uterus about 7 days after ovulation

A

Blastocyst

64
Q

Developmental dating (date of __________) is different than gestational dating (start of the last _________ cycle)

A

fertilization, menstrual

65
Q

A ______ is approximately 100 cells

A

blastocyst

66
Q

Outer cell layer of a blastocyst (________) surrounds an inner cell mass layer

A

trophoblast

67
Q

Upon contact with endometrium trophoblasts _________ and secrete proteolytic enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate wall

A

proliferate

68
Q

_____ ____ – appears fairly early in development, possibly serves as an early circulatory system before the placental sac develops, then degenerates

A

Yolk sac

69
Q

The developing embryo floats in ________ _____. It obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and umbilical cord

A

amniotic fluid

70
Q

Outer cell layer of blastocyst forms an extra embryonic membrane (_______), enclosing the embryo and forming the placenta

A

chorion

71
Q

Inner cell mass forms embryo and other extraembryonic membranes:
-________: secretes amniotic fluid (protective function, forms skeletal muscle in uterine)
-________: becomes part of the umbilical cord

A

amnion, allantois

72
Q

Outer layer of cells, chorion, that will become placenta begin to form _______ ________ that penetrate vascularized endometrium

A

chorionic villi

73
Q

Chorionic villi secrete enzymes that break down walls of maternal ______ _______

A

blood vessels

74
Q

Nutrients gases and wastes exchange across membranes of villi mainly by ________

A

diffusion

75
Q

Placenta grows to ~ 20cm in diameter and can receive up to ___% of maternal CO

A

10

76
Q

Is there a direct connection between the maternal blood and the blood of the developing fetus?

A

No

77
Q

The maternal blood will empty out of arteries into the ________ cavity and bathe the chorionic villi so that nutrients and gases can be ________

A

intervillous, absorbed

78
Q

Placenta __________ grows, increases ______ ____ to meet demands

A

continuously, surface area

79
Q

Corpus luteum has pre programmed ___ day life cycle, the embryo secretes hormonal signals to the prevent corpus luteum from _________

A

12, degenerating

80
Q

Chorionic villi of developing placenta secrete ?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

81
Q

Similar to LH, hCG binds LH receptors of corpus luteum, continues hormone secretion, keeping _________ intact

A

endometrium

82
Q

hCG stimulates _________ production in developing testes in male fetuses

A

testosterone

83
Q

____ is hormone detected by pregnancy tests

A

hCG

84
Q

After 7 weeks (development) ________ takes over hormone production

A

placenta

85
Q

Implantation ~ day ___

A

21

86
Q

Placenta well established ~__ weeks later

A

5

87
Q

Negative feedback to HPG axis prevents _______ development

A

follicle

88
Q

________: develop milk secreting ducts in breasts

A

Estrogen

89
Q

__________: maintains endometrium, suppress contractions. A general smooth muscle relaxant. Also a cause of GERD in pregnant women

A

Progesterone

90
Q

? (hPL) aka human chorionic somatomammotrophin (hCS)

A

Human placental lactogen

91
Q

____: Alters mother’s glucose and fatty acid metabolism to support fetal growth (decreases insulin sensitivity, increased lipolysis)

A

hPL

92
Q

In ~4% of women insulin insensitivity leads to __________ diabetes

A

gestational

93
Q

__________: the birth process

A

Parturition

94
Q

Parturition normally occurs between the ___th-___th week of gestation

A

38, 40

95
Q

Parturition begins with _____, the rhythmic contractions of the uterus

A

labor

96
Q

Signal to start labor could be _______, but it doesn’t usually increase until after labor begins (is used to induce labor)

A

oxytocin

97
Q

One theory is that the placenta releases ? (CRH) (increased CRH in weeks leading up to birth)

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

98
Q

Abnormally _____ levels of CRH can cause pre-mature birth

A

high

99
Q

Days prior to onset of labor the cervix ______ and ligaments holding pelvic bones together ________ under enzymatic control (estrogen or relaxin)

A

softens, loosens

100
Q

At the initiation of contractions fetus repositions lower in abdomen putting pressure on and stretching cervix initiating a ?

A

positive feedback loop

101
Q

CRH results in the production of _____________

A

prostaglandins

102
Q

Parturition feedback loop begins with _________ contractions

A

spontaneous

103
Q

Mammary glands secrete milk during _________

A

lactation

104
Q

Order these statements from largest to smallest:
Lobule
Acini
Lobes

A

Lobes -> Lobule -> Acini

104
Q

___-___ lobes in mammary glands

A

15-20

105
Q

During puberty ________ stimulates the growth and branching of milk ducts and deposition of fat.

A

estrogen

106
Q

Mammary glands further develop at pregnancy due to _______, _______ _______ and _______

A

estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol

107
Q

Final development: ___________ converts epithelium into a secretory structure.

A

progesterone

108
Q

You do not get milk production when you’re pregnant, only after __________ has been removed does production start

A

placenta

109
Q

But estrogen and progesterone _______ milk production

A

inhibit

110
Q

Milk production controlled by _________ secreted from anterior pituitary

A

prolactin

111
Q

Prolactin under control of ? (PIH) (dopamine) which begins to drop later in pregnancy

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone

112
Q

_________ causes milk ejection “let down reflex”: contraction of smooth muscle in breast (myoepithelial) and uterus

A

Oxytocin

113
Q

________: proteins, immunoglobins, and antobidies to help the newborn’s immune system

A

Colostrum

114
Q

Puberty in females: budding breasts and first menstrual period (________)

A

menarche

115
Q

Puberty in males: _____, growth and maturation of genitalia, pubic and facial hair, lowering of voice, change in body shape and height

A

subtle

116
Q

Maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary pathway: hypothalamic GnRH-secreting neurons increase their ________ secretion; this is __________ programmed

A

pulsatile, genetically

117
Q

__________: the cessation of the female reproductive cycle; approximately 40 years after first menstrual cycle

A

Menopause

118
Q

In menopause, ovaries no longer respond to _________

A

gonadotropins

119
Q

__________ of estrogen: hot flashes, genitalia atrophy, osteoporosis (calcium supplements)

A

Absence

120
Q

Is the term “andropause” accepted?

A

No

121
Q

Testosterone production ________ with age, ~50% of men over 50 yrs of age have symptoms of andropause

A

decreases

122
Q

“Andropause” is characterized by a decrease in ______ cells and responsiveness to LH; and suppressed _____

A

leydig, HPG

BMSC 208 (11 decks)

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