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Research Methods > Research Ch 1-3 > Flashcards

Research Ch 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

scientific method

A

abstract concept that refers to the ways in which questions are asked and logic and methods used to gain answers

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2
Q

empirical approach

A

emphasized direct observation and experimentation as a way of answering questions

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3
Q

historical context

A

increased scope of scientific psych, APA and APS, empirical approach early 1900s, computer revolution, behaviorism to cognitive psych

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4
Q

first psych nobel prize

A

Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D.

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5
Q

zeitgeist

A

spirit of the times

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6
Q

ethnocentrism

A

attempting to understand the behavior of individuals in a different culture through the framework or views of our own culture

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7
Q

social and cultural context

A

zeitgeist, influences what research is done as well as where and how, acceptance of psych research, stereotypes

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8
Q

moral context

A

high standard, APA ethics, animal testing, data falsification, deception (good or bad)

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9
Q

think like researcher by

A

being skeptical, strongest evidence is converging evidence, all claims probabalistic (stats), research about averages, go to original source

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10
Q

strength of scientific evidence

A

description (observation), prediction (survey), evidence for cause of behavior (experiment), replications (repetition), stronger the evidence the more confident the claims

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11
Q

first step to research

table pg 22

A

choose a topic and explore published literature, topic should improve life in some way

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12
Q

create a hypothesis

A

tentative explanation for a phenomenon, prediction

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13
Q

multimethod approach

A

searching for an answer using various research methodologies and measures of behavior

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14
Q

independent variable

A

factor researchers control or manipulate in order to determine an effect, 2 levels: treatment and control condition

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15
Q

illusory correlation

A

tendency to perceive relationship where none exists

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16
Q

control

A

baseline off which to test variables, explain confounding variables

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17
Q

experiment

A

scientists manipulate one or more factors and observe the effects of this manipulation on behavior

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18
Q

dependent variable

A

measure of behavior used to assess the effect of the independent variable

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19
Q

nonscientific reporting

A

biased and subjective, personal impressions influence results

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20
Q

scientific reporting

A

unbiased and objective, separate observations from inferences, interobserver agreement

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21
Q

nonscientific concepts

A

what does ____ mean to you?, could mean different things to different people

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22
Q

scientific concepts

A

clear and specific definitions, construct, operational definition

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23
Q

construct

A

concept or idea, fancy name for concept

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24
Q

operational definition

A

specific procedure used to produce and measure a construct

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25
Q

physical measurements

A

dimensions have agreed upon standards and instruments, length, weight, time

26
Q

psychological measurements

A

constructs have no agreed upon standard or instrument, beauty, intelligence, aggression

27
Q

validity

A

measuring what you intend to measure, truthfullness

28
Q

reliability

A

consistency

29
Q

precision

A

specificity, parsing out a range

30
Q

accuracy

A

correct, meets a standard

31
Q

nomothetic approach

A

establish broad generalizations and general laws that apply to a diverse population, involves large number s of participants

32
Q

idiographic appraoch

A

study individuals rather than the groups, case studies

33
Q

quantitative research

A

studies in which findings are mainly the product of statistical summary and analysis

34
Q

qualitative research

A

produces verbal summaries of research findings

35
Q

psych research is

A

more often nomothetic and quantitative

36
Q

correlation

A

exists when two different measures of the same people, events or things vary together, particular scores on one variable tend to be associated with particular scores on another variable

37
Q

casual inference

A

covariation of events, time-order relationship, elimination of plausible alternative causes, ALL CONDITIONS MUST BE MET

38
Q

confounding

A

occurs when two potentially effective independent variables are allowed to covary simultaneously, can’t tell which is responsible for results

39
Q

applied research

A

psychologists conduct research in order to change peoples live for the better

40
Q

basic research

A

understanding behavior and mental processes, carried out in lab setting

41
Q

theory

A

logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events, describe relationships among these events, and explain the occurrence of these events

42
Q

intervening variables

A

processes that go between the independent and dependent variables, connect dependent and independent

43
Q

goals of scientific method

A

description, prediction, explanation, application

44
Q

description

A

define, classify, catalog, categorize

45
Q

predictions

A

correlation among variables, correlation does not equal causation

46
Q

explanation

A

controlled experiments, causal inference, confounding

47
Q

application

A

applied or basic research,

48
Q

APA ethics code 1.01

A

misuse of psychologists work

49
Q

APA ethics code 3.04

A

avoiding harm

50
Q

APA ethics code 8.12

A

publication credit

51
Q

5 principles of ethical conduct

A

beneficence and nonmalificence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for peoples rights and dignities

52
Q

institutional review board (IRB)

A

protect rights and welfare of human participants, approve, deny or suggest modifications

53
Q

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

A

protect rights and welfare of animals, care and housing

54
Q

risk/benefit ratio

A

subjective evaluation, is it worth it, risks vs benefits

55
Q

risks

A

physical, psychological, social

56
Q

minimal risk

A

harm or discomfort must not be greater than that experienced in daily life

57
Q

informed consent

A

persons explicitly expressed willingness to participate in a research project based on a clear understanding of the nature of the research, the consequences for not participating, and all of the factors that might be expected to influence that persons willingness to participate

58
Q

privacy

A

refers to the right of individuals to decide how info about them is to be communicated to others

59
Q

deception

A

withholding information or intentionally misinforming participants about an aspect of the research

60
Q

debriefing

A

explain anything to participants, allow them to ask questions

Research Methods (1 decks)

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