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Psychology > Research Methods AS > Flashcards

Research Methods AS Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

States the relationship between variables in the study.

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2
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the direction of the difference or relationship.

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3
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

Does not state the direction.

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4
Q

Variables

A

Anything that can vary or change within an investigation.

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5
Q

Independent variables

A

Manipulated by researcher or changes naturally.

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6
Q

Dependent variable

A

Something that can be measured by researcher.

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7
Q

Operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured.

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8
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable other than the independent variable that will have an effect on the dependent variable. Do not vary systematically with the IV.

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9
Q

Confounding variables

A

Vary systematically with the IV. Any variable other than the IV that may have effected the DV.

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10
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Any cue from investigation that may lead to participants to change their behaviour.

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11
Q

Investigator effects

A

Any effects of the researchers behaviour that may have an effect on the research outcome.

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12
Q

Randomisation

A

The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias.

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13
Q

Standardisation

A

Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a study.

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14
Q

Independent groups design

A

Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition.

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15
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.

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16
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Pairs of participants are matched on some variable. Then one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other to condition B.

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17
Q

Random allocation

A

Ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as the other.

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18
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half the participants experience the condition in one order and the other half in the opposite order.

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19
Q

Laboratory experiments

A

Takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and measured the DV.

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20
Q

Field experiment

A

An experiment that takes place in a natural setting. Researcher manipulated IV and measured DV.

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21
Q

Natural experiment

A

Where the change in the IV is not brought on by the researcher but would have happened if the researcher was not there. Measured the DV.

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22
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

The IV has not been determined by anyone and the ‘variables’ simply exist.

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23
Q

Population

A

A group of people who are the focus of the researchers interests.

24
Q

Sample

A

A group of people who take part in a research investigation.

25
Q

Sampling techniques

A

The method used to select people from the population.

26
Q

Bias

A

When certain groups my be over or under represented within the sample selected.

27
Q

Generalisation

A

Where findings from an investigation can be broadly applied to the population.

28
Q

Ethical issues

A

These arise when a conflict exists between the rights of participants in research studies.

29
Q

BPS

A

British psychology society-instructs psychologists in the U.K about what behaviour is and isn’t acceptable when dealing with participants.

30
Q

Pilot studies

A

A small scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real one to check the procedure and materials.

31
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Watching and recording behaviour in the setting where it would normally occur.

32
Q

Controlled observation

A

Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment.

33
Q

Covert observation

A

Participants behaviour is watched without them knowing.

34
Q

Overt observation

A

Participants behaviour is watched with them knowing

35
Q

Participant observation

A

The researcher becomes a member of the group

36
Q

Non-participant observation

A

The researcher remains outside the group.

37
Q

Behavioural categories

A

When a target behaviour is broken up into categories that are observable and measurable.

38
Q

Event sampling

A

A target behaviour or event is first established then a researcher records the event every time it occurs.

39
Q

Time sampling

A

When a behaviour is recorded in the fixed time frame.

40
Q

Self report technique

A

Any method in which a person is asked to state or explain their own opinions related to a certain topic.

41
Q

Questionnaire

A

A set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts.

42
Q

Open questions

A

Participants are free to answer the way they wish.

43
Q

Closed questions

A

Offers a fixed number of responses.

44
Q

Structured interview

A

Made up of a pre-determined set of questions that are asked in a fixed order.

45
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Works like a conversation. There are no set questions.

46
Q

Semi-structured interview

A

There is a list of questions however, they do not need to be stuck by.

47
Q

Co-variables

A

Variables investigated witching a correlation.

48
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data expressed in words and non-numerical.

49
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that can be counted, usually given as numbers.

50
Q

Primary data

A

Information that’s been obtained first hand by the researcher.

51
Q

Secondary data

A

Information that had already been collected by someone else and so pre-dates the current research project.

52
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Research about research. Refers to combining results from a number of studies on a particular topic.

53
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

The general term for any measure of the average value in a set of data.

54
Q

Mean

A

The average calculated by adding up all the values in a set of data and dividing by the number of values there are.

55
Q

Median

A

The central value in a set of data when values are arranged from highest to lowest

56
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring value in a set of data.

Psychology (4 decks)

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