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digestive and respiratory system > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

label and draw diagram of the:
- entire human respiratory system
- upper respiratory tract
- lower resp tract

A

aa

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2
Q

nasal passages function (5)

A
  • passageway for respiration
  • receptors for smell
  • filters incoming air to filter large and foreign material
  • moistens and warms incoming air
  • resonating chambers for voice
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3
Q

nostrils structure and function 2

A
  • has hairs that act as filters
  • mucous traps particles and keeps lining moist
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4
Q

mouth function

A

allows larger volume of air to be transported

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5
Q

pharynx structure and function (location, uses) 2

A
  • airspace at the back of the mouth and nasal cavity
  • common to both digestive and respiratory system
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6
Q

difference between esophagus and trachea

A

eso- to stomach
trac- to lungs

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7
Q

epiglottis structure and function 3

A
  • flap of cartilage that is behind the tongue and in front of larynx.
  • closes over trachea when swallowing
  • prevents food and liquid from going into trachea

U/n– u tongue, n larynx, / epiglottis

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8
Q

Larynx structure and contains stuff 4

A
  • adams apple
  • voice box
  • ABOVE vocal cords are apart of upper resp tract, below apart of lower
  • contains vocal cords.
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9
Q

what is apart of upper resp tract 6

A
  1. nasal passage
  2. nostril
  3. pharynx
  4. mouth
  5. epiglottis
  6. larynx (upper vocal cords)
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10
Q

what is apart of lower resp tract 8

A
  1. trachea
  2. lungs
  3. bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. pleural membrane
  6. diaphragm
  7. rib muscles
  8. alveoli
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11
Q

trachea function 3

A

(windpipe)
- transports air to and from lungs
- c-shaped cartilage keeps trachea open
- covered in cilia with mucous

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12
Q

lungs function

A
  • transports air to alveoli for gas exchange
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13
Q

how many lobes are on each lung

A

2 lobes on left

3 on right

they are kind of like sections

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14
Q

bronchioles definition, structure, and function 3

A
  • they’re smaller and finer branches that branch into the lung
  • lined w cilia and mucous to eject dust and pathogens
  • particles are trapped by hairs and mucous
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15
Q

function of cilia in the bronchioles 2

A
  • bronchioles are lined w mucous to eject dust and other pathogens
  • they beat UPWARDS, moving mucous, dust, and other particles back up to the pharynx where it can be harked out.
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16
Q

bronchi definition

A

trachea branches into two ways (the bronchis) which then branch into lungs.

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17
Q

pleural membrane structure and function

A
  • double-layered membrane surrounding the lung
  • fluid in between layers
  • reduces friction between lungs and ribs
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18
Q

diaphragm definition, location, and function 3

A
  • dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
  • used in breathing process
  • below the lungs
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19
Q

intercoastal muscles function and structure 2

A

(rib muscles)
- found between the ribs
- help in breathing process

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20
Q

alveoli function and structure 5

A
  • point of gas exchange
  • air sacs at the end of bronchioles
  • single layer of cells!!
  • surrounded by capillaries
  • purpose is to increase SA for gas exchange
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21
Q

how many alveoli are there per lung

A

150M

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22
Q

what is the approx diameter size for alveoli

A

0.1 - 0.2mm in diameter

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23
Q

draw diagram for alveoli and label gases exchanged

A

aa

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24
Q

what air is transported through the alveoli? what is going in and out?

A

in alveoli, out blood plasma- co2. blue blood vessels.
out alveoli, into blood plasma- o2. red blood vessels.

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25
Q

what are capillaries?

A

blood vessels that are one cell thick

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26
Q

pulmonary vein vs artery

A

vein- red capillary. contains o2. one branch that kind of connects all the capillaries. is around the alveoli

artery- blue capillary. lack of o2. one branch that also connects all capillaries. around alveoli

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27
Q

gases diffuse according to their…

A

partial (preferred) pressures

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28
Q

external respiration meaning

A

gases exchanged between air and blood through DIFFUSION (high to low concentration).

gases between lungs and environment (breathing in air down to lungs)

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29
Q

internal respiration meaning

A

gases exchanged between blood and tissues

gases between blood and cell (alveoli and blood)

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30
Q

facilitated diffusion meaning and function

A

when proteins carry the oxygen across (speeds up gas exchange)
- remember its along their concentration gradient, hence the diffusion

=====0 0====(|o|)=====

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31
Q

oxygen transport 2

A
  • o2 bounds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
  • OR dissolved in blood plasma
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32
Q

co2 transport 3

A
  • bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
  • dissolved in blood plasma
  • OR in the form of plasma bicarbonate
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33
Q

four respiration processes and their meaning

A
  1. breathing (ventilation)- air into and out of lungs
  2. external respiration- gas exchange between air and blood
  3. internal respiration- gas exchange between blood and tissues
  4. cellular respiration- oxygen used to produce ATP, co2 as waste (breathed out)
34
Q

what happens to ribs, diaphragm, and lungs when air is taken in?

A

ribs: move upward and outward due to muscle contraction (lungs getting bigger)

lungs: volume increases causing air pressure to decrease

diaphragm: contracts and flattens, moving downward.

35
Q

what happens to ribs, diaphragm, and lungs when air flows out?

A

ribs: return to relaxing position (fall and decreases chest size)

lungs: volume decreases, causing air pressure to rise

diaphragm: relaxes, moving upward.

36
Q

what happens during inspiration/inhalation? 5

A
  • diaphragm CONTRACTS, moves down
  • intercoastal muscles CONTRACT (chest rises)
  • INCREASE in lung volume
  • at this point, environmental pressure is GREATER than pressure in the lungs due to lungs increase in volume
  • air rushes into the lungs to equalize pressure
37
Q

what happens during exhalation/expiration? 5

A
  • diaphragm RELAXES, moves upwards
  • intercoastal muscles RELAX, rib cage falls.
  • decrease in lung volume
  • at this point, the pressure of environment is LOWER than that of the pressure of the lung due to its decreased volume
  • air rushes out of lungs to equalize pressure
38
Q

draw diagram of measurement of lung capacity and the terms of each section. just check slideshow for reference

A

daa

39
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

40
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be taken INTO lungs beyond tidal

41
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that you can FORCE OUT of your lungs (beyond tidal)

42
Q

vital capactiy

A

total lung volume capacity (tidal + inspiratory + expiratory)

43
Q

residual volume

A

amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways even after a full exhalation

44
Q

what happens to the oxygen? (percentages)

A

97% is transported by hemoglobin

3% is diffused into the plasma

45
Q

what is the hemoglobin structure

A

the hemoglobin molecule is composed of 4 peptide chains with an iron center

46
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin

A

when oxygen is attached to hemoglobin, it forms oxyhemoglobin

47
Q

where is oxygen released

A

in the tissues (after transported by hemoglobin)?

48
Q

where does co2 continually transport?

A

continually diffuses into the blood plasma

49
Q

carbon dioxide transport “cycle chain thing” 4

draw diagram if necessary

A
  1. an enzyme in red blood cells converts some co2 and water (came from plasma) into CARBONIC ACID
  2. carbonic acid breaks into H+ and BICARBONATE IONS
  3. the H+ combines w HEMOGLOBIN, which helps avoid pH change in the blood
  4. the bicarbonate ion however, stays in the plasma.
50
Q

how is carbonic acid made

A

an enzyme in red blood cells converts some co2 and water that came from plasma into carbonic acid.

51
Q

what is created when carbonic acid is split?

A

ccarbonic acid splits into H+ and bicarbonate IONS

52
Q

what happens when the plasma reaches the lungs 2

A
  • new o2 will combine w HEMOGLOBIN, displacing H+ into plasma
  • H+ recombines w bicarbonate ion, producing H2o and co2, which diffuses into alveoli to be exhaled. (skips carbonic acid)
53
Q

percentages of forms of co2 in blood 3

A

approximately…
- 64% of co2 as bicarbonate ion in plasma
- 27% of co2 combines w hemoglobin
- 9% of co2 is dissolved in plasma

draw diagram

54
Q

medulla oblongata function

A
  • breathing center
  • controls depth and rate of breathing
55
Q

what is the medulla oblongata sensitive to

A

co2 levels in BLOOD

56
Q

what happens if co2 (carbonic acid) levels are too high?

what happens when they drop to a normal range?

what will inactivate during this process?

A

medulla oblongata tells diaphragm and intercoastal muscles to INCREASE ACTIVITY

once dropped to a normal range, medulla will stop sending “increase activity” message

morphine and optimum will inactivate during this process

57
Q

draw diagram of medulla oblongata thing check powerpoint for ref

A

s

58
Q

where are o2 receptors

A

near the heart, carotid and aortic arch

|/

59
Q

what happens when o2 level is too low

A

receptors near the heart will send messages to medulla oblongata
- medulla will then tell diaphragm and intercoastals to INCREASE breathing depth and rate

60
Q

what happens when a foreign body is in the respiratory tract

A

the cough reflex will attempt to dislodge it

61
Q

what happens to the air during inspiration (thermal energy)

A

air is warmed, then exhaled, resulting in a significant source of heat loss

62
Q

tonsillitis 2

A
  • infection of the tonsils
  • usually viral (caused by virus)

**upper infection

63
Q

function of tonsils

A

help prevent bacteria and other pathogens from entering the body

64
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease

65
Q

laryngitis + cause 3

A
  • inflammation of larynx
  • usually viral
  • caused by allergies of straining of voice

*upper infection

66
Q

bronchitis 3

A
  • when bronchis are inflamed and filled with mucus
  • short or chronic (long term)
  • destroyed cilia. the reason for filled mucus is because cilia get rid of it
67
Q

pneumonia 2

A
  • alveoli are inflamed and filled iwth liquid
  • interferes with gas exchange
68
Q

two types of pneumonia and definition 3 +cause

A
  • lobular pneumonia– one lobe
  • bronchial pneumonia– patches
  • causes- bacteria/viral (virus)
69
Q

pleurisy + cause

A

swelling and irritation of the pleura (lung barrier/lining)
- cause: bacteria/virus/cancer/blood clot

70
Q

emphysema + result + cause. is there a cure?

A
  • alveoli break down and lose elasticity
  • difficult to exhale
  • cause- smoking. no cure, only o2 treatment
71
Q

cystuc fibrosis 3 (including results)

A
  • genetic condition
  • thick mucus
  • can cause infection and digestive issues
72
Q

asthma +treatment + triggered by 4

A
  • CHRONIC obstructive lung disease
  • inflammation of airways
  • triggered by exercise and allergens
  • treatment: inhalers/nebulizer to reduce swelling of airways
73
Q

effects of smoking

A
  • increase amounts of mucus secreted
  • ciliated cells become damaged and less effective at clean up
  • coughing INCREASES to clear up airways
  • however, coughing irritates airway, increasing susceptibility to infection
  • particles of dirt accumulate in lungs
  • bronchial restriction can occur
74
Q

lung cancer + cause

A
  • abnormal growth of cells in lungs
  • mainly caused by smoking, asbestos is also a problem
75
Q

how are liposomes used to fight off cancer

A

liposomes are filled with cancer-fighting drugs and are then delivered to cells

76
Q

how is cancer detected with technology

A
  • use a CT scan, DNA analysis to find potentially dangerous cells
  • difficult to detect until often too late
77
Q

how is CO (carbon monoxide) harmful

A
  • CO acts as a competitive inhibitor in the RED BLOOD CELL
  • Co attaches onto the hemoglobin molecule 200x stronger and faster than CO2 and O2
  • this makes hemoglobin unavailable for Co2 and o2
  • can be solved through hyperbaric chamber
78
Q

how does hyperbaric chamber help

A

helps lungs collect more o2
- air pressure is increased

79
Q

how is breathing 100% o2 harmful 3

A
  • fluid builds up in the lungs
  • capillaries are destroyed
  • gas exchange decreases
79
Q

how is breathing 100% o2 harmful 3

A
  • fluid builds up in the lungs
  • capillaries are destroyed
  • gas exchange decreases

digestive and respiratory system (2 decks)

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