Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 12 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of air

A

Nasal sinus, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the nasal sinus do

A

Takes in air, moistens, warms, filters with mucus, hairs. Releases histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the pharynx do

A

Passage of air
Has epiglottis which prevents air from entering esophagus, and food/drink from entering trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the larynx do

A

Contains the vocal cords and voice box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are vocal cords

A

2 tendons that allow control of pitched vocalizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name one animal that can breath

A

The wandering albatross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four structures of the bronchial tree

A

The trachea
The bronchi
The bronchioles
The alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the trachea

A

Functions as the wind pipe
Has cartilaginous ridges which keep it tube shaped
Lined with mucus from goblet cells and cilia which trap debris and sweep it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the bronchi

A

Two major divisions of the trachea leading to lungs
Has cartilage rings, mucus, and cilia
Divides into many bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe bronchioles

A

Smaller branches of air tube
Line with mucus, cilia until smallest branches
Cartilage rings keep shape
Ends in an air pocket sac called alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe alveoli

A

Saclike structure that are the air sacs of a lung
Has 1 cell thick walls
Highly vascular and covered in capillaries
Covered in surfactant (a lipoprotein)
Does gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
When relaxed it is in a dome shape
Contracts into a flattened shape after impulses form the medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe ribs

A

Bones hinged to the vertebral column and sternum which, with intercostal muscles define the top and sides of chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the pleural membrane

A

4 membranes that enclose the lungs
Outer sticks closely to walls or chest and diaphragm
Inner stick to lungs
Lie very close to each other
Pressure between two is less than outside air pressure or lungs collapse
Stick lungs to cavity walls
Lubricated from pleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if the pleural membrane is punctured

A

The lung collapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the thoracic cavity

A

The chest cavity
Seals off chest (where lungs are)
Side and top from ribs
Bottom from diaphragm
Used in inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe mucus

A

A material produced by goblet cells in the respiratory tract that traps bacteria and dust particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe to be cilia

A

Little (hair like) features of cells that sweep mucus in the respiratory tract upwards to help clean it. Mucus is coughed out and swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can kill cilia

A

Smoking and vaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many alveoli do the average person have

A

700,000 In a human lung
40-50x the surface of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do alveoli do

A

Diffuse co2 and o2 across there walls, then again across capillaries into blood
Gases cross two 1 cell thick walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is surfactant

A

A lipoprotein that lowers surface tension (which helps gas diffusion) and prevent lung collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What nerves are related to alveoli

A

Stretch receptions that send a signal to the brain through the vagus nerve when the alveoli are full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The amount of air In the lungs after a typical inhale, 1.5L

25
Q

What is breathing

A

Something wandering albatross do

26
Q

What are the two parts of breathing

A

Inspiration (air in)
Expiration (air out)

27
Q

Describe inspiration

A

An active process in which the diaphragm contracts (flattens), ribs contract (pull up and out)
This expands the thoracic cavity (which raises volume and lowers pressure) causing air to be sucked in

28
Q

Describe expiration

A

A passive process where the diaphragm relaxes (raises) and the ribs relax (move down and in)
The thoracic cavity relaxes (so the volume decreases and pressure increases) and air is forced out

29
Q

What is the primary stimulus of breathing

A

High CO2 and H+ ions in the blood

30
Q

What is the secondary stimulus to breath

A

Low O2 in the blood

31
Q

What monitors CO2 levels In the blood

A

The medulla oblongata (respiratory centre of the brain) monitors CO2 and H+ levels in the blood and causes the urge to breath when they are high

32
Q

What monitors O2 level in the blood

A

The chemo reception in the carotid artery and aorta register low O2 and alter rate and depth of breathing

33
Q

What series of nerves causes inspiration

A

High CO2 stimulates the breathing centre of the brain, which stimulates the diaphragm and intercostal muscles through the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve respectively

34
Q

What cause the stimulus for expiration

A

When lungs are filled stretch receptors in the alveoli send messages through the vagus nerve to the breathing centre which shut down signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing them to relax

35
Q

What is HbO2

A

Oxyhemoglobin

36
Q

What is Hb

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

37
Q

What is HHb

A

Reduced hemoglobin (H ion attached)

38
Q

What is HbCO2

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

39
Q

What is H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

40
Q

What is HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate ion

41
Q

What is PO2 and PCO2

A

Partial pressure of O2/CO2

42
Q

What is the exchange in internal gas exchange between

A

CO2 and O2 exchanged between body tissues (cells) and blood

43
Q

What happens to oxygen at internal gas exchange

A

Hb02 -> Hb + O2
O2 diffuses into cells from blood due to difference in partial pressure

44
Q

What are the three ways (+ percentages) that CO2 is carried

A

Bicarbonate ion dissolved In plasma (70%)
HbCO2 (carbamino hemoglobin) 20%
CO2 dissolved in blood 10%

45
Q

What reactions lead to bicarbonate ions

A

CO2 + H2O (products of cell respiration) —> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) —> H+ (becomes reduced hemoglobin (HHb) which acts as a buffer) and HCO3 (bicarbonate in plasma)

46
Q

What enzyme helps make bicarbonate

A

Carbonic anhydrase

47
Q

What reaction converts bicarbonate ions to CO2 at external gas exchange

A

H+ and HCO3- —> H2CO3 —> H2O and CO2

48
Q

How is oxygen carried in blood

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

49
Q

What are the relative Phs and temps at the lungs and tissues for hemoglobin to accept/give up O2

A

Cooler neutral at lungs
Warmer acid at tissues

50
Q

What process allows gas exchange

A

Diffuse
Difference in gas concentration/partial pressure causes
O2 (air -> blood) (blood -> cells)
CO2 (cells -> blood) (blood -> air)

51
Q

What is asthma

A

A disease of the bronchi and bronchioles that is marked by wheezing, breathlessness, and sometimes coughing / coughing up mucus.

52
Q

What are asthmatic airways unusually sensitive too

A

Specific irritants like pollen, animal dander, dust, cigarette smoke, industrial fumes, cold air

53
Q

What happens when an asthmatic air way is exposed to an irritant

A

The smooth muscles in the bronchioles undergoes spasms

54
Q

What do most people with asthma have to some degree

A

Bronchial inflammation that reduces the diameter of airways and contributes to the seriousness of an attack

55
Q

What can help treat asthma

A

Beta-agonists dilate the bronchioles
Corticosteroids can help control the inflammation and prevent an attack

56
Q

Give an example of an animal without lungs

A

Pseudoceros dimidiatus

57
Q

What is pheobastria immutabilis

A

The Laysan albatross

58
Q

What is Phoebastria albatrus

A

The short tailed albatross

59
Q

What is Thalassarche chlororhynchos

A

The Atlantic yellow nosed albatross

Bio 12 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions