Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

in front of the sternum is on the anterior surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

in the back of the vertebrae are on the posterior surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physiology

A

Science dealing with the function of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Superior-Cranial aka Cephalic

A

toward the head - high the eyebrows are cranial to the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

: away from the head -low The mouth is caudal to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline of the body Ex. The sternum is medial to the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body Ex. The hip is on the lateral surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proximal:

A

If you take something specific as your point of reference: Your finger is more distal to your shoulder than your elbow. Your hip is more proximal to your diaphragm than your small toe In anatomy, either the central plane of the body or the torso are considered the central sites of reference for proximal vs.distal. And these terms are most often used with regard to the limbs (arms, hands; legs, feet). So the forearm is proximal to the hand and distal to the arm—in anatomical terms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Distal

A

If you take something specific as your point of reference: Your finger is more distal to your shoulder than your elbow. Your hip is more proximal to your diaphragm than your small toe In anatomy, either the central plane of the body or the torso are considered the central sites of reference for proximal vs.distal. And these terms are most often used with regard to the limbs (arms, hands; legs, feet). So the forearm is proximal to the hand and distal to the arm—in anatomical terms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superficial (external)

A

located close or on the body surface Ex. The skin is superficial to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Further beneath the body surface Ex. The muscles are deep to the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coronal

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides the body into right and left sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transverse

A

Horizontal cut (divides the body into superior and inferior portions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adduct

A

close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Abduct

A

open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Suppine

A

laying face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prone

A

Laying face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Palmar

A

Palmar surface of the hand, the side where the palms are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plantar

A

Plantar surface of the foot. part of the foot touching the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dorsal(surface of the hand

A

Back of the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The cell

A

Highly organized masses of protoplasm (semifluid gel that consists of protein, CHO, Lipids, Nucleic acids and inorganic materials dispersed in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cells

A

100 trillion______ in the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

metabolism

A

use of food and oxygen to build or repair tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and is divided into two regions, these are:

A

The nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The nucleus of a cell contains

A

Chromatin (genetic information) and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The cytoplasm of a cell is composed of:

A

composed of organelles (specialized structures) suspended in fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Production of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

forms the structural matrix of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mitochondria (organelle)

A

Production of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ribosomes (organelle)

A

protein synthesis within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lysosomes (organelle)

A

Digest bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (organelle)

A

forms the structural matrix of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Golgi Complex (Apparatus)

A

Packaging proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell (temporary storage)•

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

centrosome

A

cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Colonies of cells combined together in such a manner as to exhibit functional unity

A

Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The five types of tissue are

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

The cells of epithelium form sheetsthatcoverthe externalsurfaces of the body and line the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and urogenital systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connects and binds the structures together•Supports the body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

found beneath the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

tendons/ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

cartilage/bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Two types of loose connective tissue are

A

Areolar and Adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue)

A

forms the “bed” for skin and mucous membranes, found almost everywhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Adipose connective tissue (loose connective tisue)

A

Similar to areolar, but has high concentration of fat cells, found beneath the skin (subcutaneous fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Dense Connective Tissue describe and name three types

A

Collagenous + elastic fibers

three types are Tendons Ligaments and aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Special Connective Tissue

A

has a structural function ex, cartilage, bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cartilage (except in joints)is covered by

A

Covered by a tough fibrous membrane called perichondrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cartilage is found in three forms

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage and Elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Hyaline Cartilage( describe)

A

Extremely strong and somewhat unmovable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Hyaline Cartilage( describe blood supply)

A

Poor blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Hyaline Cartilage susceptible to:

A

Susceptible to ossification ( calcification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Hyaline Cartilage(importance)

A

Very important in studying the speech mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Hyaline cartilage found in

A

nose, flexible ends of ribs, surfaces of bones at joints, cartilages in the larynx (thyroid and cricoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Fibrocartilage(describe)

A

Very strong and dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Fibrocartilage forms:

A

capsules of joints some ligaments and intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Elastic cartilage (describe)

A

Highly flexible •Rubbery in consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Elastic cartilage (describe ossification)

A

Ossification rarely occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Elastic cartilage found in:

A

epiglottis-
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

(pinna)- corniculate cartilages of the external part of the ear

arytenoids (larynx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Bone(describe)

A

The most important supporting structure of the body•Hard: not flexible like cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

All bones are surrounded by a tough fibrous membrane called

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Bones are classified by shape, name three types

A

Long bones, short bones and flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Long bones:

A

found in the arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

short bones

A

found in the fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

flat bones:

A

found in the skull, shoulder blades, and pelvic girdle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Joints(definition)

A

A joint is the meeting of two or more bones whether there is movement or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Joints are classified according to(two things

A

the presence or absence of an articulatory space ( between the two articulating bones) -

type of connective tissue between the articulating bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Fibrous Joints do not have

A

articulatory space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Fibrous Joints do not have

A

articulatory space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Fibrous Joints : Bones are connected by..

A

fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Immobile joints are what kind of joints

A

Fibrous joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Example: sutures in the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Cartilaginous Joints do not have

A

Do not have articulatory space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Bones are connected by a

A

cartilaginous disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Cartiliginous joints are slightly

A

Slightly mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Example of cartilaginous Joints

A

intervertebral discs slide 38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Contain an articulatory space
  • Bones are connected by a fibrous capsule
  • Highly mobile
  • Example: knee joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Types of Synovial joints

A

Ball and socket - consists of a rounded ball like end of a bone that fits into a cup like cavity in another bone

Movable around a great number of axes
Examples: hip joint and shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Hinge joint

A

Type of synovial joint that permits movement in one plane(flexion and extension) example elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Ellipsoid condyloid joint

A

Type of synovial joint, oval shaped articulate facet that fits into an elliptical shaped cavity, permits movement in all directions except rotation, example temporary mandibular joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Striated muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, often called voluntary muscle, attachments mainly to the skeletal system, supplied by PNS peripheral nervous system,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Visceral involuntary organs such as stomach and intestines, blood vessels and bronchial tubes, autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found only in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Smallest functional unit of the muscle tissue

A

Muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Muscle cell is the same as

A

Muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Long slender multinucleated cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Muscle does two activities

A

Contracts or shortens and relaxes or returns to original position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

A sudden large change in cell polarity that causes a wave of depolarization

A

Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Molecules inside the muscle fiber which control contractions

A

Myosin and actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Energy source added during muscle contraction so that Myosin and Actin can react, ATP comprises the basic contractile mechanism

A

ATP produced by Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

All of none law

A

Each fiber contracts maximally or none at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Muscle tone

A

Constant muscle contraction, always on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contracts a muscle, tension changes and length does not(because of sliding activity of Myosin and Actin.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle shortens upon contraction but tension does not change( because of sliding activity of myosin and actin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Place of attachment of a muscle which remains fixed during contraction

A

Origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Area of attachment of muscle to bone, it moves more flexible

A

Insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Contraction

A

Decreases the distance between origin and insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles that work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles which produce opposite movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Synergist

A

Contracts with agonist to stabilize movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Bone

A

Lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Muscle

A

Force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Joint

A

Fulcrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Nervous tissue

A

•large group of highly specialized cells

extremely important to speech production

CNS–tissue is vital to origin of motor output , when damaged can’t regenerate, replaced by nonneuronal (scar) tissue

•PNS–can regenerate, spontaneously recove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Organs

A

•when two or more tissues combine in such a manner as to exhibit functional unity.•performs a special function•various types of tissue with one form predominating •examples: lungs, larynx, tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

How many systems are there in the human body?

A

Eleven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Name the important five for this class discussion

A 
Skeletal - bones and cartilage
Articular - joints and ligaments 
Muscular - : body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion, 
Nervous- brain and spinal chord
Respiratory - air passageways and lungs
Digestive - 
Vascular- heart and blood
Urinary
Reproductive 
Endocrine
Interaugmentary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Respiration function

A

Biological function- exchanging gas in the body

Speech function - power supply to stimulate and vibrate vocal chords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Respiration

A

Process of exchanging gas in the body, red blood cells give up carbon dioxide and take on new oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Inhalation

A

Air is taken through respiratory track through lungs and held there until oxygen replaces carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Expiration

A

Expulsion of carbon dioxide through tract out into atmosphere.

116
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature.

117
Q

Speech

A

Breathe in, increase volume and decrease pressure of air which is related to how long we can talk. We speak on exhalation so we increase pressure to expel air.

118
Q

From superior to inferior respiratory tract

A

Nasal and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi lungs.

119
Q

Larynx

A

Divides the airway into upper and lower respiratory tracts and is a valuing mechanism with multiple functions.

120
Q

Trachea

A

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
Around the trachea are 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings(hyaline cartilage) incomplete in the back, lies directly next to the esophagus

Fibrous membrane: outer cover of the T rings

Intratracheal fibroelastic membrane: between the rings

Mucous membrane: lies inside the rings

121
Q

Trachea(describe first and last cartilage)

A

First cartilage attaches to the larynx

Last cartilage bifurcates separating into the main stem bronchi

122
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

123
Q

Cilia

A

Protective, motion against gravity( bringing dust and mucous up to clear throat)

Smoke causes Cilia to not move and elevates mucous secretion

124
Q

Function of mucous

A

To protect the body from being infected by viruses and bacteria and to keep the tissues of the body moisturized.

125
Q

Where do we have the most mucous producing cells?

A

The GI tract gastro intestinal tract

126
Q

Where do we have the most cilia

A

The respiratory tract specifically the trachea

127
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Surgical incision 1 cm below the cricoid cartilage(the first tracheal ring)

128
Q

Tracheostoma

A

Opening in the trachea

129
Q

Why is a tracheotomy performed

A

Opening in trachea to protect the upper airway if there is upper airway obstruction or to ventilate a patient after a two week max with a breathing machine tube.

130
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that go from the trachea to the lungs

131
Q

Arborize

A

Become the bronchial tree bronchioles

132
Q

The lungs

A

2 cone shaped structures
Spongy and elastic mass
Lungs are air tight when the vocal folds are tightly closed

133
Q

The larger lung is the..

A

Right lung because of the heart

134
Q

The lungs passive or active? Made of..

A

Made up of highly elastic material and very little smooth muscle.

Passive and rely on active muscle thoracic activity

135
Q

Pleura

A

Membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs

136
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Coates lungs

137
Q

Parietal or costal pleura

A

Coates thoracic cavity

138
Q

Interpleura space

A

Lines inner walls of thoracic cavity and lungs(important in taking in air)

139
Q

Mediastinal pleura (see diagram on slides)

A

The space between the lungs the mediastinum is bordered by the mediastinal pleura, a continuation of the membrane lining the chest

Mediastinal pleura is the portion of the parietal pleural membrane that lines the mediastinum. It is bounded by and is continuous with the anterior and posterior margins of the costal pleura, the cervical pleura superiorly and the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly.

140
Q

Function of the pleura

A

Friction free: lungs and thoracic surface•Pleurisy–pain during inhalation, lack of moist gliding surfaces

Protective: traumatic puncture results in the collapse of only one lung (pnuemothorax).•

If we took the lungs out of the body they would collapse and the thorax would expand•The pulling forces between the interlining of the thorax and the outlining of the lungs keeps them together ( intrapleural pressure)

141
Q

Definition of the skeleton

A

The framework of the body which consists of bone and cartilage.

Has joints or articulations by which the limbs are able to move.

142
Q

The ________ is the main axis of the skeleton

A

Vertebral column

143
Q

The Vertebral column is made up of..

A

24 short segments of bone, vertebrae, and two larger pieces. The two larger pieces are the sacrum and the coccyx.

144
Q

Sacrum

A

Five lower fused vertebrae

145
Q

Coccyx

A

Below the sacrum, three to four vertebrae

146
Q

The framework of the respiratory system is made up of thes four things

A

Spinal column
Pelvic girdle
Thoracic region
Clavicle and scapula(pectoral girdle)

147
Q

The vertebral column is made up of how many lumbar, Thoracic and cervical vertebrae besides the coccyx and sacrum?

A

5 lumbar vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
7 cervical vertibrae(making up the neck)

148
Q

The skull rests upon the first cervical vertebra known as the..

A

Atlas

149
Q

The second cervical vertebra is where the head rotation occurs

A

It is known as the axis

150
Q

Each vertebra is joined to the next by strong ligaments and is separated by a tough pad of gristle (intervertebral disc)

A

Vertebral column

151
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Acts as a cushion between vertebrae

152
Q

The holes the the center of the vertebrae are aligned to form..

A

A tube that contains and protects the spinal chord

153
Q

Spinal chord

A

The main trunk of the nervous system

154
Q

Ribs are hinged to the vertebrae of what region?

A

The thoracic region

155
Q

Ribs are hinged to the thoracic region creating a cave that protects the..

A

Heart and the lungs

156
Q

True or false the ribs give a fair degree of rigidity to the thoracic cavity

A

True

157
Q

Transverse process

A

Where the ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae

158
Q

Cage and ribs and the degree of their rigidity are very important factors to..

A

The mechanics of breathing and speech production

159
Q

The clavicle is also known as the

A

Collar bone.

160
Q

The scapula is also known as the

A

Shoulder blade

161
Q

Sternum

A

midline structure that ribs are attached to via the costal cartilage

162
Q

Sternum consists of three parts:

A

(1) Manubrium–top part– connected to the cartilage of the first rib
(2) Corpus–body–
(3) Xiphoid Process–muscle attachment

163
Q

Suprasternal notch

A

lateral to this structure is the articulatory notch for the clavicle–Below this is the articulation for the 1st rib

164
Q

Body of the sternum

A

Contains the articulatory notch for ribs 2-7

165
Q

Xiphoid process

A

ossifies into bone (see slides 100-103)

166
Q

How many pairs of Ribs does the skeleton have?

A

12 pairs of ribs

167
Q

What are the ribs attached to dorsally?

A

Dorsally: attached to the vertebrae

168
Q

Ribs 1-7 attached to the sternum via..

A

Hyaline cartilage ( ossification with age)

169
Q

Ribs 8-10 attached indirectly to..

A

The sternum

170
Q

Ribs 11-12 not attached at all; embedded in…

A

abdominal muscles

171
Q

Ribs 1-7 increase ___________ size

A

Ribs 1-7 increase sternum size

172
Q

Ribs 8-12 __________ sternum size

A

Ribs 8-12 decrease sternum size

173
Q

The Rib consists of

A

•Long curve bone•

Shaft-

174
Q

Shaft–constitutes the bulk of the rib, and is separated from the head of the rib by the _____

A

Shaft–constitutes the bulk of the rib, and is separated from the head of the rib by the neck.

175
Q

At the junction of the neck and shaft a ________ articulates with the transverse processes of the vertebra

A

At the junction of the neck and shaft a tubercle articulates with the transverse processes of the vertebra.

176
Q

The Thoracic Cavity

Larynx-sits on top of trachea and______ it

A

Larynx-sits on top of trachea and protects it

177
Q

The Thoracic Cavity

Trachea-_______-made of cartilage

A

The Thoracic Cavity

Trachea-windpipe-made of cartilage

178
Q

Trachea breaks into two major stems called ________, which supply each side of the lung

A

Trachea breaks into two major stems called bronchi, which supply each side of the lung

179
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branches of bronchi

180
Q

_____and tiny air sacs are found at the tips of bronchioles where we have the gas (air) exchange

A

Alveoli

181
Q

Makes up floor of thoracic cavity, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, most important muscle for inspiration

A

Diaphragm

182
Q

Lie within thoracic cavity which is a protective framework

A

Lungs

183
Q

(see slides 113-115)

A 
locate and visulize 
larynx
first tracheal ring
trachea
secondary(lobar) bronchus (left lung)
secondary bronchus (left lung)
tertiary (segmental) bronchi (left lung)
Carina tracheae (right lung)
secondary bronchi (right lung)

mainstem bronchi

184
Q

See slide 114

A 
locate
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Terminal Bronchiole
capillary bed surrounding alveolus
alveolus
alveolar duct
185
Q

Process of exchanging gas in the body–here red blood cells give up carbon dioxide and take on new oxygen

A

Respiration

186
Q

Inhalation

A

Air is taken through respiratory tract to lungs and held there until oxygen replaces carbon dioxide

187
Q

Expiration

A

–expulsion of carbon dioxide through tract out into the atmosphere

188
Q

inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature

A

Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law. In a gas, pressure increases as volume decreases. … Therefore, negative pressure is pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, whereas positive pressure is pressure that it is greater than the atmospheric pressure. A pressure that is equal to the atmospheric pressure is expressed as zero.

189
Q

-breathe in, increase volume, decrease pressure of air which is related to how long we can talk. We want to speak on exhalation so we have to increase pressure to expel air

A

Speech-

190
Q

What is the difference between positive pressure and negative pressure?

A

negative pressure is pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, whereas positive pressure is pressure that it is greater than the atmospheric pressure.

191
Q

When the thoracic cavity expands (through active muscle contraction) lung volume increases (air molecules are less compressed—> negative subglottal pressure—> air flows into the lungs

A

Inhalation

192
Q

When the thoracic cavity reduces size, lung volume decreases (air molecules are compressed—> positive subglottal pressure—> air flows out of the lungs

A

Exhalation

193
Q

Muscles of Inhalation (Muscles of quiet Inspiration)

A

Diaphragm•lies between thoracic cavity above and abdominal region below. One of most important muscles for inhalation.•Dome-shaped; flattens on inspiration•Central Tendon-location for other muscles to attach to the diaphragm

.•Intercostal Muscles- located between the ribs

194
Q

Muscles of Forced Inspiration ( 9 of them)

A
  1. Sternocleidomastiod Muscle
  2. Scaline Muscle Group
  3. Subclavius
  4. Pectoralis Major
  5. Pectoralis Minor
  6. Serratus Anterior7. Levatores costarum
  7. Serratus Posterior Superior
  8. Latissimus Dorsi
195
Q

Origins-
dorsally to the lumbar vertebrae
Ventrally to the xiphoid process of the sternum
Laterally to the lowest sixth rib

A

Muscles of Quiet Inspiration

Diaphragm

196
Q

Muscles of Quiet Inspiration Insertion-

A

central tendon (aponeurosis)

197
Q

Diaphragm contracts meaning

A

lowers/flattens the thoracic cavity, increases lung volume

198
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

Intercostalis muscle, in human physiology, any of a series of short muscles that extend between the ribs and serve to draw them together during inspiration and forced expiration or expulsive actions. A set of external and internal intercostalis muscles is found between each vertical pair of ribs on each side of the chest.

199
Q

External Intercostals

A

The external intercostal muscles originate on the inferior surfaces of the proximal parts of the ribs and insert on the superior and distal parts of the next lower rib. These are innervated by intercostal nerves originating in thoracic segments of the spinal cord. Contraction of these muscles raises the rib cage upward and outward, thereby contributing to the expansion of the thoracic cavity and reduction of pressure within the lung, causing air to move from the air into the lungs (see Figure 6.1.3). Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles has the opposite effects and aids in expiration.

200
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

The internal intercostal muscles are used when exhaling with force. The muscles contract and shorten which bring the ribs closer together as the lungs decrease in size. The innermost intercostal muscles are the weakest of the intercostal muscles and also assist with inhalation when breathing by contracting the muscles

201
Q

Sternocleidomastiod Muscle

A

Origin-lateral surface of mastoid
Insertion-sternum
Contracts- raises the sternum and indirectly the ribs, increase lung volume
a thick superficial muscle on each side of the neck that arises by one head from the first segment of the sternum and by a second from the inner part of the clavicle, that inserts into the mastoid process and occipital bone, and that acts especially to bend, rotate, flex, and extend the head (see slide 134)

202
Q

Scalene Muscle Group

A

muscles inserted deep into the neck Scalene are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck: scalenus anterior, scalenus medius and scalenus posterior.

Sometimes a fourth muscle, the scalenus minimus is present behind the lower portion of the scalenus anterior.

The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between the anterior and middle scalenes, while the subclavian vein and phrenic nerve pass anteriorly to the anterior scalene as the muscle crosses over the first rib.

203
Q

Scalenus Anterior

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

origin c3-c6
The anterior scalene muscle lies on the lateral aspect of the neck, deep to the prominent sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Attachments: Originates from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C3-C6, and attaches onto the scalene tubercle, on the inner border of the first rib.

Function: Elevation of the first rib. Ipsilateral contraction causes ipsilateral lateral flexion of the neck, and bilateral contraction causes anterior flexion of the neck.
Innervation: Anterior rami of C5-C6.

204
Q

Scalenus Medius–

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

origin c2-c7,
The middle scalene is the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles. It has several long, thin muscles bellies arising from the cervical spine, which converge into one large belly that inserts into the first rib.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C2-C7, and attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib.
Function: Elevation of the first rib. Ipsilateral contraction causes ipsilateral lateral flexion of the neck.
Innervation: Anterior rami of C3-C8.

205
Q

Scalenus Posterior

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

origin c2-c3

The posterior scalene is the smallest and deepest of the scalene muscles. Unlike the anterior and middle scalene muscles, it inserts into the second rib.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C5-C7, and attaches into the second rib.
Function: Elevation of the second rib, and ipsilateral lateral flexion of the neck.
Innervation: Anterior rami of C6-C8.

206
Q

Subclavius

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin: inferior margin of clavicle•

Insertion:superior surface of the first rib•

Contracts-lifts the first rib

207
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

Largest chest muscle•Fan-shaped on superficial surface of anterior thoracic cavity

208
Q

Pectoralis Major

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin-humerous

Insertion-clavicle, sternum and ribs

Contracts-lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume

209
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Chest muscle, lies underneath pectoralis major, fan-shaped, paired

210
Q

Pectoralis Minor
Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin-scapula

Insertion-2nd-5th ribs

Contracts- lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume

211
Q

Serratus Anterior

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin-outer surfaces and superior borders of the upper 9 ribs•

Insertion-fibers curve sideward and backward to insert into the vertebral border of the scapula

•Contracts-lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume

212
Q

levatores costarum

A

a series of 12 muscles on each side that arise from the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae, that pass obliquely downward and laterally to insert into the outer surface of the rib immediately below or in the case of the lowest four muscles of the series divide into two fasciculi of which one inserts as described and the other inserts into the second rib below, and that raise the ribs increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and extend, bend, and rotate the spinal column

213
Q

levatores costarum

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin-transverse process of 7th or lowest cervical vertebrae and upper eleventh thoracic vertebrae•

Insertion-downward and laterally inserting into the ribs a short distance from the vertebral column

•Contracts-lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume

214
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin-spinous process of the last two cervical vertebrae and the first two thoracic vertebrae

  • Insertion-2nd-5th ribs
  • Contracts- raises those ribs, thus increasing lung volume
215
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

superficial muscle covering lower half of back
a broad flat superficial muscle chiefly of the middle and lower back that extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially and draws the shoulder downward and backward

216
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin
Insertion
Contracts

A

Origin– t6-t11, lumbar, sacral regions of vertebrae, and pelvis

Insertion– converges lateral and upward to insert into ribs, attaches into humurous bone

Contracts–Can elevate and depress ribs

217
Q

Muscles Of Expiration

A
  • responsible for decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
  • Abdominal muscles of expiration can push up on diaphragm thus reducing vertical dimension of thorax•

Thoracic muscles of expiration act upon the ribs, essentially depressing them to reduce thoracic dimensions.

218
Q

Muscles Of Expiration

•Abdominal muscles of expiration can push up on ______________thus reducing vertical dimension of thorax•

A

Muscles Of Expiration

•Abdominal muscles of expiration can push up on diaphragm thus reducing vertical dimension of thorax•

219
Q

Muscles Of Expiration

Thoracic muscles of expiration act upon the _____, essentially depressing them to reduce thoracic dimensions.

A

Thoracic muscles of expiration act upon the ribs, essentially depressing them to reduce thoracic dimensions.

220
Q

Passive expiration is accomplished by____________forces ( recoil forces)

A

Passive expiration is accomplished by non muscular forces ( recoil forces)

221
Q

Passive expiration
Potential (stored ) energy resulting from the stretched inspiratory muscles is _________
Think of the recoil of a stretched spring

A

Potential (stored ) energy resulting from the stretched inspiratory muscles is released
Think of the recoil of a stretched spring

222
Q

Muscles of Active Expiration

A

Rectus abdominis

  • External obliques
  • Internal obliques
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Internal intercostals
223
Q

Rectus Abdominis

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin– xiphoid process and costal cartliges of ribs 5-7

  • Insertion–runs vertically downward to insert at the pubis
  • Function: lowers lung volume
224
Q

External Oblique (compared to other abdominal muscles)

A

strongest and most superficial of the abdominal muscles

225
Q

External Oblique

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–exterior surfaces and lower borders of ribs 5-12•

Insertion–anterior half of the iliac crest, or abdominal aponeurosis•

Function– pulls down the rib cage, lowers lung volume

226
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Lies below the external oblique, but their course is just opposite of external obliques

227
Q

Internal Oblique

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–exterior surface and lower border of ribs 5-12

  • Insertion–ribs 10-12 and abdominal aponeurosis
  • Function – pulls down the rib cage, decreases lung volume
228
Q

Transverse Abdominal Muscle

A

Deepest abdominal muscles lying beneath the external and internal oblique muscles.

229
Q

Transverse Abdominal Muscle

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–inner surfaces of the lower 7 ribs, from the lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and from inguinal ligament.

  • Insertion–most fibers run horizontally into the abdominal aponeurosis.
  • Function– pulls down the rib cage, increases lung volume
230
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

lies on the dorsal wall of the thoracic wall

231
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior
Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–spinous processes of the 3 lowest thoracic vertebrae and 2 of the upper lumbar vertebrae

  • Insertion–fibers run upward and laterally to insert along inferior borders of the four lowest ribs
  • Function –probably draws lowest four ribs downward aiding in forced exhalation, increases lung volume
232
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

Flat sheets of muscle located in the lateral dorsal aspect of the abdominal wall.

233
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–iliac crest and fibers run vertically upward, and converge

Insertion–transverse process of the first 4 lumbar vertebrae and into the medial half and lower border of last rib

Function– contraction of this muscle as a whole compresses the lower portion of thoracic cage

234
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Lies deep to the external intercostals between ribs

235
Q

Internal Intercostals

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin–lower borders of the upper 7 ribs

•Insertion– inner space of the ribs

  • Function – controversial as to their action–either inhalatory or exhalatory.
  • Latest research shows they reduce thoracic cavity for forced exhalation
236
Q

Breathing (passive/quiet)

A

Inhalation is active because muscles are contracting and exhalation is passive (gravitational+elastic forces)

237
Q

Breathing (active)

A

Active:in speech, controlled and prolonged expiration with rapid inspiration

238
Q

Breathing (forced)

A

forcing air out of the lungs by contracting abdominal muscles, forced exhalation

239
Q

Vegetative/tidal/passive/quiet breathing

A

(physiological function)•Air moves from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

240
Q

Quiet inspiration

A

inspiratory muscles (namely, the diaphragm and external intercostals) upon contraction expand the thoracic cavity.

lung volume is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is decreased (less than the atmospheric pressure)

•Air flows into the lungs until air pressure within the lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure

241
Q

Quiet inspiration

lung volume is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is _________(less than the atmospheric pressure)

A

lung volume is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is decreased (less than the atmospheric pressure)

242
Q

Quiet inspiration

•Air flows into the lungs until air pressure within the lungs is ______to atmospheric pressure

A

•Air flows into the lungs until air pressure within the lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure

243
Q

Quiet expiration

A

Begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (more than the atmospheric pressure)

244
Q

Quiet expiration
Begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, _________lung volume, _______intrathoracic pressure (more than the atmospheric pressure)

A

Begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (more than the atmospheric pressure)

245
Q

Forced Breathing

A

Forced inspiration: accessory inspiratory muscles are recruited to help the diaphragm and the external intercostals increase the lung volume

246
Q

Forced Breathing

ung volume is ________, intrathoracic air pressure is more ________(Muchless than the atmospheric pressure)

A

ung volume is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is more decreased (Muchless than the atmospheric pressure)

247
Q

Forced expiration:

A

All expiratory /abdominal muscles contract pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised•Decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (Much more than the atmospheric pressure)

248
Q

Forced expiration:

All expiratory /abdominal muscles contract pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised•______lung volume, ________intrathoracic pressure (Much more than the atmospheric pressure)

A

All expiratory /abdominal muscles contract pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised•Decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (Much more than the atmospheric pressure)

249
Q

When we relax, diaphragm returns to its natural position (_____)•The cycle is repeated– increase in lung volume—_____flows into the lungs—-

A

When we relax, diaphragm returns to its natural position (down)•The cycle is repeated– increase in lung volume—-air flows into the lungs—-

250
Q

Resting lung volume

A

the amount of air in the lungs at rest position

251
Q

Tidal volume

A

the amount of air that one can inhale and exhale during passive breathing (20%)

252
Q

Inspiratory capacity:

A

the amount of air that one can inhale from the rest position

253
Q

the amount of air one can exhale from the rest position

A

Expiratory capacity

254
Q

The amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation (100%)

A

Total lung volume:

255
Q

the amount of air one can maximally exhale after a maximal inhalation (80%)

A

Vital capacity

256
Q

Lung and thorax typically operate as a unit via ________ linkage

A

Lung and thorax typically operate as a unit via pleural linkage

257
Q

A Functional Unit Concept•

Lung and thorax typically operate as a unit via ________ linkage

A

Lung and thorax typically operate as a unit via pleural linkage

258
Q

A Functional Unit Concept•

Resting position in contact unit is different when the two are ________

A

Resting position in contact unit is different when the two are separated

259
Q

A Functional Unit Concept•

Separated at rest :
lungs = collapsed
thorax = more _______state

A

Separated at rest
lungs = collapsed
thorax = more expanded state

260
Q

Plueral linkage at rest

Lungs
Thorax

A

lungs = somewhat expanded

thorax = somewhat compressed

261
Q

Relaxation Pressure

A

Respiratory maneuver

•The pressure produced entirely by nonmuscular forces of the respiratory apparatus

262
Q

Relationship between subglottic pressure and lung volume is determined when___ __________ ___________ _________ ___________

A

Relationship between subglottic pressure and lung volume is determined when all respiratory muscles are relaxed

263
Q

Determined for inspiratory and expiratory pressure

A

Relaxation Pressure

264
Q

Relaxation pressure varies according to the quantity of ____ ________ ______ ______

A

Relaxation pressure varies according to the quantity of air in the lungs

265
Q

Departure from the relaxation pressure can be achieved through the use of muscular effort (__________)

A

Departure from the relaxation pressure can be achieved through the use of muscular effort (net inspiratory or net expiratory muscle effort)

266
Q

Relaxation Pressure diagram

The amounts of air within the lungs are expressed as a percentage of ___________ (horizontal axis)

A

Relaxation Pressure diagram

The amounts of air within the lungs are expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (horizontal axis)

267
Q

Relaxation Pressure diagram

The amounts of air within the lungs are expressed as a percentage of ___________ (horizontal axis)

A

Relaxation Pressure diagram

The amounts of air within the lungs are expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (horizontal axis)

268
Q

Relaxation Pressure diagram

Points to the right of zero atmospheric pressure represent pressures _______than the atmospheric pressure, those to the left of zero are ______________

A

Points to the right of zero atmospheric pressure represent pressures greater than the atmospheric pressure, those to the left of zero are subatmospheric

269
Q

Relaxation Pressure diagram

Three curves: relaxation/ maximum ______/ maximum __________

A

Three curves: relaxation/ maximum expiration/ maximum inspiration

270
Q

Passive exhalation:

A

Above the resting lung volume (the amount of air in the lungs at rest position) and is achieved through elastic /recoil forces and gravity

271
Q

Active expiration:

A

below the resting lung volume, achieved through active muscle force

272
Q 
rectus abdominis          
 external obliques           
internal obliques           
transverse abdominis           
serratus posterior           
internal intercostals           
quadratus lumborum

Upon these muscles contraction– ______in the thoracic cavity, _______in the lung volume, increase in air pressure, the air flows out of the Lungs

A

Upon these muscles contraction– decrease in the thoracic cavity, decrease in the lung volume, increase in air pressure, the air flows out of the Lungs

273
Q

Expiratory Airflow Maintained with..

A

Maintained with precise control of the expiratory muscles to meet the requirements of phonation (VF) and articulation (Articulators)

274
Q

Expiratory Airflow

_______intercostals:( major inspiratory muscle) still contracting for active exhalation, to control exhalation (airflow brakes) in order to maintain just the necessary pressures for speech

A

External intercostals:( major inspiratory muscle) still contracting for active exhalation, to control exhalation (airflow brakes) in order to maintain just the necessary pressures for speech

275
Q

The internal intercostal muscles are responsible for ___________

A

The internal intercostal muscles are responsible for forced exhalation

276
Q

Respiration is work: generating pressure requires ______activity and restraining that pressure for speech requires even more work

A

Respiration is work: generating pressure requires muscular activity and restraining that pressure for speech requires even more work

277
Q

Speech/Active Breathing
Respiratory cycle does not begin from vegetative breath ( you need more volume that will grant you more recoil»____ work )

A

Speech/Active Breathing
Respiratory cycle does not begin from vegetative breath ( you need more volume that will grant you more recoil»less work )

278
Q

Exhalation is active -Most speech occurs during ________-35-70% of vital capacity is used as power source of the speech mechanism

A

Exhalation is active -Most speech occurs during exhalation-35-70% of vital capacity is used as power source of the speech mechanism

279
Q

Exhalation is active -Most speech occurs during ________-35-70% of ____ _________ is used as power source of the speech mechanism

A

Exhalation is active -Most speech occurs during exhalation -35-70% of vital capacity is used as power source of the speech mechanism

280
Q

Speech/Active Breathing
Continuous airflow to maintain the FV vibration

_______ / _____ air pressure has to be developed and maintained 5-20 cm H2O

A

intrathoracic/subglottal air pressure has to be developed and maintained 5-20 cm H2O

281
Q

Prolonged and controlled exhalations-
Rapid inspiration
are examples of..

A

Speech/Active Breathing

282
Q

Abdominal muscles upon contraction push against the diaphragm-
Controlling the airflow- Vocal folds serve as resistance to increase subglottal pressure
This happens during..

A

Speech/Active Breathing

283
Q

Function of the Respiratory System in Speech

Provide a power source: subglottal pressures build up, vocal folds act as _______

A

Provide a power source: subglottal pressures build up, vocal folds act as _______

284
Q

Function of the Respiratory System in Speech

Increase _________of voice: subglottal pressure and ________are directly related–the higher the pressure, the bigger the amplitude of VF vibration

A

Increase loudness of voice: subglottal pressure and loudness are directly related–the higher the pressure, the bigger the amplitude of VF vibration

285
Q

Utterance/ speech duration : related with the _____of airflow, determined by firing of the _______ (6-8 phonemes / sec)

A

Utterance/ speech duration : related with the rate of airflow, determined by firing of the muscle fibers (6-8 phonemes / sec)

286
Q

Conditions that affect the respiratory system

A

Asthma
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
•Emphysema
•Vocal fold paralysis/paresis

Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions