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Anatomy Exam III > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells do?

A

use O2 and give off CO2

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

to supply oxygen, and dispose of CO2.
vocalization,
olfaction

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3
Q

Cellular equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->

ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2

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4
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  2. External respiration
  3. Transportation of respiratory gas
  4. Internal respiration
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5
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration
air moving in and out of lungs

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6
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from lungs into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into lungs

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7
Q

Transportation of respiratory gas

A

completed by the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue cells

CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood

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9
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi and branches
lungs+alveoli

Not formally included but essential: diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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10
Q

Upper Respiratory system

A

nose -> larynx

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11
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

larynx -> alveoli

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12
Q

URS (UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM)

A

‘conducting zone’
-fairly ridgid conduits down to the microscopic sites of gas exchange

functions: to warm, humidfy and filter air

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13
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

provides an airway,
moistens and warms entering air,
filters/cleans entering air
serves as a resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors

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14
Q

What are the 2 regions of the nose?

A
  1. External nose: created by the nasal, frontal, maxillary bones, and hyaline cartilage
  2. Nasal cavity: within and posterior to the external nose- divided by the nasal septum

The roof of the mouth is formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones. Floor formed by hard and soft palate

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15
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

olfactory epithelium with smell receptors

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16
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

lines the remainder of nasal cavity
-pseudostratified,cilitated columnar

mucus and serous secretions have lysozyme and defensins

cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the throat for swallowing/digestion

Cilia are slowed by smoking and cold temperatures

Inspired air is warmed by plexus of capillaries and veins

A rich supply of sensory nerve endings will trigger a sneeze upon contacts with irritants

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17
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

3 conchae protrude medially from each lateral wall of the cavity; superior, middle, and inferior

covered in mucosa

increase mucosal surface area and turbulance for enhanced warming and filtering

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18
Q

During inhalation

A

air is warmed, filtered, and moistened

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19
Q

During exhilation

A

heat and moisture are reclaimed

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20
Q

The paranasal sinuses

A

form a ring around the nasal cavity

located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Function: to lighten the skull, give resonance to voice, and produce mucus/warm and moisten the air

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21
Q

The pharynx

A

a muscular tube from the base of the skull to C6

’ the throat’

connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

3 regions:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Nasopharynx

A

passageway for air posterior to the nasal cavity

lined by pseudostratified columnar

soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing

posterior wall has pharyngeal tonsils: adenoids

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23
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

protected by tubal tonsils

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24
Q

Oropharynx

A

passageway for food AND air- exists from soft palate to epiglottis

lined by more protective, stratified squamous

palatine tonsils: lateral walls

lingual tonsils: posterior surface of tongue

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25
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

passageway for food AND air

stratified squamous

posterior to epiglottis/larynx and extends to inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage

continuous with esophagus

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26
Q

Larynx

A

‘voice box’
extends from c3 to c6

3 functions:
provides airway
routes air and food into proper channels
produces sound/vocalization

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27
Q

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx

A

large, shield shape
(adam’s apple) laryngeal prominence
secondary to the secretion of sex hormones during puberty, typically larger in males

28
Q

Cricoid cartilage of the larynx

A

ring shaped
3 small, paired cartilages from posterior to lateral walls
Artyneoid, cuneiform, corniculate

29
Q

Epiglottis

A

flexible, spoon shaped elastic cartilage

30
Q

Cough reflex

A

triggered by anything other than air entering the airway

31
Q

Vocal folds

A

true vocal cords
-vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up
lack blood vessels, pearly white

32
Q

Glottis

A

opening between the vocal folds

33
Q

Vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords
-lie superior to vocal cord
no part in sound production
assist in closing glottis during swallowing

34
Q

Speech

A

intermittend release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

35
Q

Vocal Pitch

A

determined by length and tension of vocal cords

as the larynx grows, the vocal folds get thicker and the voice deepens

36
Q

Volume

A

determined by the force of air, no vibration with a whisper

37
Q

Vocal quality

A

determined by the resonating chambers of the pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities

38
Q

Enunciation

A

determined by the activity of the muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

39
Q

Sphincter function

A

vocal folds can act as a sphincter to prevent air passage during valsalva maneuver

40
Q

The trachea

A

‘wind pipe’
extends from larynx to mediastinum

41
Q

What are the 3 layers of the trachea?

A

mucosa - cliliated psuedostratified w/goblet

submucosa- CT with seromucous glands

Adventitia- CT 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

42
Q

Trachealis

A

the posterior surface of the tracheal rings are connected by smooth muscle. Allowed the esophagus to expand when food is swallowed

43
Q

Carina

A

marks the point where the trachea branchs into two main bronchi

44
Q

Heimluch Maneuver

A

performed in response to an obstructed trachea

should be used only on conscious adults who cant speak, breathe, or cough

exerts pressure on diaphrahgm to compress lungs and force air out of airway

45
Q

Bronchial tree

A

air passageways in the lung branch 23 times

46
Q

At T7, the trachea

A

dividies into the L and R main bronchi.

47
Q

Compare and contrast the 2 bronchis

A

the r main bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left

48
Q

Each main bronchi divides into

A

lobar or secondary bronchi

49
Q

Lobar bronchi divide into

A

segmental or tertiary bronchi

50
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

defined by the presence of alveoli; begins when the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles

51
Q

Respiratory pathway for alveoli

A

Respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> alveolar sacs-> alveoli

52
Q

Respiratory membranes

A

alveolar and capillary walls+ fused basement membrane

53
Q

Alveolar walls

A

made of a single layer of squamous epithelium called type I alveolar cells

54
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

scattered, cuboidal cells, that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

Surfactant: fluid that contains a detergent like substance; coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

55
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, debris

56
Q

Alveolar pores

A

opening that connects adjacent alveoli

equalize air pressure throughout lung
allow for re-routing in the event of collapsed alveoli

57
Q

Left lung

A

-2 lobes
-smaller than R lung

Cardiac notch: impression of heart
Oblique fissure: seperates superior and inferior lobe

58
Q

Right lung

A

-3 lobes
-bigger than left

Horizontal fissure: separates superior and middle lobes

Oblique fissure: separates middle and inferior lobes

59
Q

Pleurae

A

thin, double layered serosa

60
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines around thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs

61
Q

Visceral pleura

A

lines externa surface of lungs

62
Q

Pleural cavity

A

slit-like space between parietal and visceral pleura

63
Q

Pleural fluid

A

produced by pleurae, fills cavity and provides lubrication and surface tension

64
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleurae - causes increased friction

results from pneumonia

Symptom: stabbing pain with each breath

As the disease progresses, extra fluid is produced, friction and pain are reduced, but pressure is exerted on lungs.

65
Q

Pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, can sometimes be drained

Anatomy Exam III (6 decks)

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