Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

Common Cold

Answer 1

caused by virus

nasal discharge caused by viral induced cell injury

Question 2

allergic rhinitis

Answer 2

immunological response to environmental allergens

requires prior exposure to allergen

Question 3

Histamine basic

Answer 3

mediator of inflammatory response
released by mast cells and basophils
released in response to tissue damage and invasion
causes most allergy symptoms
plays small role in anaphylaxis
most present in skin, lungs and gi

Question 4

histamine types

Answer 4

H1: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, itching, pain, mucous secretion, neurotransmitter

H2: increased gastric acid secreation

Not related to asthma

Question 5

Antihistamines

Answer 5

H1 antagonist: bind to H1 receptors, can bind to others and cause side effects

treats mild allergy, motion sickness, insomnia

Effects: sedation, confusion, dizziness, increased reaction time, anticholinergic (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurry vission) cardiac dysrhythmias

caution w/ benign prostatic hypertrophy and glaucoma

Question 6

types of antihistamines

Answer 6

Diphenhydramine (benadryl)
loratadine (claritin) non sedative
desloratadine (clarinex) 2nd gen: work peripherally, not in cns (no sedation)

Question 7

Beta-2 adrenergic agonists facts

Answer 7

-stimulate sympathetic nervous system
-stimulate beta-2 receptors in lungs
cause bronchodilation, decrease histamine release in lungs
-prevent attacks and relieve ongoing attacks
-drug of choice for acute bronchospasm

Question 8

beta-2 adrenergic agonist types

Answer 8

albuteral : works on central airways

aslmererol

Question 9

levalbuterol

Answer 9

albuteral derivative: decreses airway resistance, facilitates ucous drainage, increases vital capacity

Question 10

Ipratropium bromide w/albuterol (combivent)

Answer 10

antichilinergic with beta 2 agonist

ipratropium (atrovent) dilates bronchioles so albuteral can be deposited

combination more effective and has longer duration

Question 11

leukotriene receptor antagonist

Answer 11

Zafirlukast(accolate)
montelukast sodium (singulair)
zileuton (zyflo)

reduce inflammatory response

Question 12

glucocorticoids

Beclomethasone (beclovent) MDI
triamcinolone (azmacort) PO

Answer 12

• suppress inflammation by:
• decrease of mediators
• decrease activity of inflammatory cells
• decrease edema of airway
• decrease hyperactivity
• decrease mucous production, increase number of beta 2 receptors and response to beta 2 agonists

Question 13

status asthmaticus

Answer 13

treatment: beta-2 agonist via nebulizer

epinepgrine, terbutaline, magneium sulfate, leukotriene

IV gluvovorticoid ( prednisone, solumedrol)

Question 14

Theophylline

Answer 14

• methylxanthine: cns stimulant
• bronchodilator
• maintenance treatment of COPD
• narrow therapeutic range and many drug interactions
• new safer drugs available

adverse effects: diuresis, N/V, anorexia, insomnia, restlessness, convulsions, dysrhythmias