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Physio final > Respiratory Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Provide oxygen
  2. Eliminate carbon dioxide
  3. Regulate blood pH
  4. Facilitate speech
  5. Microbial defense
  6. Activate/deactivate chemical messengers in blood
  7. Defend against clots
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2
Q

What is the most critical function of the respiratory system?

A

Providing oxygen

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3
Q

What is the waste product produced by the respiratory system?

A

Carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What affects the amount of CO2 in plasma?

A

Ventilation rate

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5
Q

What are the three microbial defenses of the respiratory system?

A

Epithelial secretions
Lymphoid tissue
Coughing and sneezing

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6
Q

Site of gas exchange in air and blood

A

Lungs

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7
Q

Series of tubes needed to exchange air between lungs and environment

A

Airways

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8
Q

Region of the airway that includes structures outside of the thoracic cavity

A

Upper airway

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9
Q

Direction of airflow into the upper airway

A

Mouth/nose => Pharynx => Larynx => top of trachea

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10
Q

Zone of the airway that is in thoracic cavity, but there is no gas exchange occuring

A

Conducting zone

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11
Q

Route of airflow into conduction zone

A

Trachea => Primary bronchi => Secondary bronchi => bronchioles => terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

What part(s) of the conducting zone include cartilaginous rings and mucous glands?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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13
Q

Bronchioles have this instead of cartilage and glands

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

Zone of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

Route of airflow into the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles => Alveolar ducts => Alveolar sacs

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16
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are very thin walled and have these in their walls

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

This is an important part of respiratory function of the conduction zone

A

Branching

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18
Q

Branching maintains this and minimizes this

A 
Maintains = Airflow
Minimize = Resistance to air flow
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19
Q

Air is warmed and moistened in this zone

A

Conducting

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20
Q

2 ways the conducting zone protects against microbes

A
  1. Goblet cells secrete mucus that traps particles

2. Cilia move mucus to pharynx so it can be swallowed or expelled

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21
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic mutation that affects what?

A

Cl- channels

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22
Q

The mutation in cystic fibrosis does what?

A

Reduces amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across epithelium into mucous. Makes mucous thick and dry

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23
Q

What regulated airflow in the respiratory zone

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscles

24
Q

What features make alveoli well suited for gas exchange?

A

High surface area
Highly vascularized
Respiratory surface is thin
Low blood flow rate provides time for exchange

25
Q

What provides microbial defense in the respiratory zone?

A

Pulmonary macrophages

26
Q

Alveoli cell that is epithelial and conducts gas exchange at the surface

A

Type I

27
Q

Alveoli cell that secretes surfactant

A

Type II

28
Q

The immune cells of the alveoli

A

Macrophages

29
Q

These two features of the alveoli are important for gas exchange

A
  1. Thinness of alveoli

2. Thinness of pulmonary capillaries

30
Q

How big are alveolar sacs?

A

~0.5 micrometers

31
Q

What is the distance between the alveolus and capillary?

A

0.2 micrometers

32
Q

Do respiratory gasses easily diffuse through plasma membranes? Why or why not?

A

Yes.

They are small non-polar molecules that diffuse down a concentration gradient

33
Q

What causes O2 and CO2 to diffuse at different rates?

A

They have different solubilities

34
Q

What is the solubility of CO2?

A

77 mmol/L

35
Q

What is the solubility of O2?

A

2.2 mmol/L

36
Q

What are the layers that O2 must cross on the respiratory surface?

A

Air in alveolus => Apical membrane of Type I => Cytoplasm => basal membrane of Type I => basal lamina of connective tissue => basal lamina of endothelial cell => cytoplasm => Apical membrane of endothelial cell => Plasma

37
Q

Skeletal elements of the thoracic cage

A

Ribs
Vertebral column
Sternum
Costal cartilage

38
Q

Muscular elements of the thoracic cage

A

Intercostals
Diaphragm
Voluntary muscles

39
Q

Two layers of the pleural sac

A

Parietal

Visceral

40
Q

Functions of the pleural sacs

A

Lubricate surfaces

Undergo pressure changes with expansion/contraction

41
Q

This is required to bring freshly oxygenated air into the lungs

A

Ventilation

42
Q

Ventilation relies on this to happen

A

Pressure differences between the air in the lungs and outside of the lungs

43
Q

What is the formula for air flow?

A

Palv-Patm/R

44
Q

If Palv is less than Patm this happens

A

Inspiration

45
Q

If Palv is greater than Patm, this happens

A

Expiration

46
Q

What causes Palv to change?

A

Changing of the volume of the lungs according to Boyle’s law

47
Q

What are the three pressures that relate to ventilation?

A

Alveolar (pressure in alveoli)
Intrapleural (pressure in fluid of intrapleural space)
Transpulmonary (Alveolar - Intrapleural)

48
Q

A change in this will change the ventilation pressures

A

Volume of thoracic and pleural cavities

49
Q

Muscle activity during inspiration

A

Contraction of diaphragm, diaphragm lowers, increase volume

Contraction of external intercostals, rib cage raises, increase volume

50
Q

Muscle activity during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes, diaphragm raises, volume reduced

External intercostals relax, lowers rib cage, volume reduced

51
Q

Pressure between breaths

A

Pip is always subatmospheric (negative)

Palv = Patm = 0

52
Q

Value of Patm by definition

A

0

53
Q

Pressures during inspiration

A

Pip becomes more negative

Ptp increases do lung volume increases and air flows in until Palv = Patm

54
Q

Pressures during expiration

A

Pip becomes less negative

Ptp decreases so lung volume decreases and air flows out until Palv = Patm

55
Q

This occurs when a lung is punctured

A

Pneumothorax

56
Q

What is the value of Pip in a pneumothorax?

A

0 (Pip = Patm = Palv)

Physio final (2 decks)

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