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Physio final > Respiratory Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines lung compliance?

A

Magnitude of pressure change during inhalation/expiration

Stretchability of the lung

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2
Q

Formula for compliance

A

CL = change in lung volume/transpulmonary pressure

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3
Q

What is compliance?

A

It is indicative of the amount of muscle force needed top ventilate the lung

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4
Q

If lung elasticity is high this happens

A

V increases rapidly per unit change in P

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5
Q

If lung elasticity is low this happens

A

V increases slowly per unit of change in P

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6
Q

This is the measure of the intermolecular attractive forces that stabilize liquid

A

Surface tension

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7
Q

Surface tension pulls molecules together here

A

At an air-liquid interface

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8
Q

For polar molecules surface tension is created by what?

A

Electrostatic force

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9
Q

Where are electrostatic forces stronger?

A

Liquid side

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10
Q

Surface tension in a bubble causes the liquid lining to be pulled toward here

A

Center

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11
Q

Formula for inner pressure of a bubble

A

P = 2 x ST/r

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12
Q

If bubbles of different sizes are connected this happens

A

The pressure differences equilibrate as air flows from bubble 2 to bubble 1

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13
Q

Where does ST exist in alveoli

A

Air-water interface

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14
Q

Which size of alveoli are at greater risk of collapsing?

A

Smaller

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15
Q

The amount of force required to counteract ST is minimized by this.

A

Surfactant from Type II cells

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16
Q

How does surfactant reduce ST?

A

By reducing intermolecular forces between water molecules

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17
Q

What is the composition of surfactant?

A

Amphipathic phosopholipid + protein that forms a monolayer between air and water

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18
Q

What concentrates surfactant at the surface?

A

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions

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19
Q

Surfactant reduces St by decreasing what?

A

Density of water molecules

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20
Q

T/F Surfactant creates additional ST

A

F

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21
Q

T/F Surfactant increases compliance

A

T

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22
Q

What type of alveoli does surfactant have a greater effect on?

A

Smaller

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23
Q

Production of surfactant is regulated by this

A

Stretch receptors in Type II cells

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24
Q

This type of breathing will increase surfactant production

A

Deep

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25
Q

Surfactant deficiency will lead to this

A

Respiratory distress

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26
Q

This is the primary determinant of resistance (R)

A

Tube radius

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27
Q

This dilates the bronchioles during inspiration

A

Tp

28
Q

Other factors that can affect R

A

Tp
Elasticity of tissue
Neural and Chemical control of smooth muscles

29
Q

If you increase R, this will happen to respiration

A

Breath more deeply (to increase change in P)

Breath more slowly

30
Q

If you decrease compliance, this happens to respiration

A

Breath more rapidly (compensate for reduced V and P change)

Breath shallowly to minimize muscle effort

31
Q

Asthma causes this

A

Increased R

32
Q

What causes the increased resistance in asthma?

A

Inappropriate smooth muscle contraction

33
Q

Main cause of COPD

A

smoking

34
Q

COPD disease where the alveolar tissues are damaged or destroyed

A

Emphysema

35
Q

COPD disease where mucus or inflammation impairs air flow

A

Chronic bronchitis

36
Q

This can dislodge particulate matter in the upper respiratory tract

A

Heimlich maneuver

37
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

V entering lungs per breath; 500 ml

38
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Maximum V inspired; 3000 ml

39
Q

Expiratory reserve volume ERV)

A

V exhaled beyond Tidal volume; 1500 ml

40
Q

Residual volume

A

V in lungs after maximum exhalation; 1000 ml

41
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

IRV + ERV; 5000 ml

42
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume; 6000 ml

43
Q

Obstructive lung disease will have these measures

A

Decrease in FEV1

Normal VC

44
Q

Restrictive lung disease will have these measures

A

Decreased VC

Normal FEV1

45
Q

Two clinically relevant measures

A 
Vital capacity (VC)
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
46
Q

Minute respiration

A

TV x respiratory rate

47
Q

This reduces the amount of fresh air reaching the alveoli

A

Anatomical dead space (~150 ml)

48
Q

More accurate measure of alveolar ventilation (AV)

A

(TV - dead space) x respiratory rate

49
Q

Two ways to increase AV

A

Increase respiratory rate

Increase TV

50
Q

What is the more effective way to increase AV

A

Increase TV

51
Q

This exists when there is a mismatch between ventilation and bloodflow

A

Alveolar dead space

52
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

Sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

53
Q

Gas exchange between air and blood in lung

A

External respiration

54
Q

Gas exchange between blood and cells

A

Internal respiration

55
Q

P of oxygen at sea level

A

760 mmHg

56
Q

PO2 in air

PCO2

A

160 mmHg

0.3 mmHg

57
Q

PO2 in alveolar air

PCO2

A

105 mmHg

40 mmHg

58
Q

PO2 in alveolar venous capillaries

PCO2

A

100 mmHg

40 mmHg

59
Q

PO2 in systemic arteries

PCO2

A

100 mmHg

40 mmHg

60
Q

PO2 in cells

PCO2

A

40 mmHg

46 mmHg

61
Q

PO2 in tissue capillaries

PCO2

A

40 mmHg

46 mmHg

62
Q

PO2 in systemic veins

PCO2

A

40 mmHg

46 mmHg

63
Q

Alveolar P O2 is determined by what?

A

Atmospheric PO2
Rate of alveolar ventilation
Rate of cellular O2 consumption

64
Q

Effect of breathing air with low PO2

A

PO2 decreases

PCO2 no change

65
Q

Increase alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism

A

Increase PO2

Decrease PCO2

66
Q

Decrease metabolism and unchanged alveolar ventilation

A

PO2 Increases

PCO2 decreases

67
Q

Alveolar gas pressures are altered by this

A

Ratio of ventilation to metabolism

Physio final (2 decks)

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