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Anatomy Exam III > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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2
Q

What are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration: air flowing into lungs

Exspiration: air flowing out of lungs

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3
Q

Respiratory pressures are always relative to

A

atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

pATM

A

pressure exerted by gas/air surrounding body

760mmHg/1atm

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5
Q

Negative respiratory pressure

A

pressure lower than atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

1.

Positive respiratory pressure

A

pressure higher than atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

Zero respiratory pressure

A

pressure EQUAL to atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure (ppul)

A

pressure within the alveoli

-rises and falls with the phases of breathing- always equalizes with atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

pressure in pleural cavity

rises/falls with phases of breathing

-always 4mmHg less than pPul (intrapulmonary)

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10
Q

Forces causing the lungs to collapse

A

lungs natural elasticity/tendency to recoil
surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli

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11
Q

Forces causing the lungs to expand

A

natural elasticity of the chest wall

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12
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

the difference between pPul and pPip

-the pressure that keeps air spaces out of lugs open and prevents lungs collapsing

  • a greater transpulmonary pressure means the lungs are greater in size

-any condition that equalizises Pip and Ppul or atm will cause lung collapse

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13
Q

Atelectasis

A

lung collapse
bronchiole is plugged
associated alveoli will collapse
extension of pneumonia

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14
Q

Pneumothorax

A

‘air thorax’
Presence of air in the pleural cavity

Reversed by drawing the air out via a chest tube
Lung will reinflate

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15
Q

Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2

A

pressure inversely proportionate with volume

(one gets small, one gets big)

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16
Q

During inspiration..

A

height and diameter of throax increase
volume of thoracic cavity increase
Lungs stretch, IntraPULMONARY vol increase
INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE decreases

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17
Q

During expiration

A

Thoracic cavity volume decreases
Intrapulmonary volume decreases
Intrapulmonary pressure INCREASES

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18
Q

Forced expiration

A

produced through contraction of the abdominal muscles

intraabdominal prssure rises and abdominal organs press against the diaphragm.

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19
Q

Deep/forced inspiration

A

utilizes accesory muscles- the scalenes, SCM, and pectoralis minor further increase thoracic volume
spinal extensions flatten thoracic curve
‘barrel chest’

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20
Q

Precise expiration

A

requires fine control and coordination of accessory muscles

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21
Q

Non-respiratory air movements

A

coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccuping, and yawning all alter respiratory rhythym

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22
Q

What 3 physical factors influence pulmonary ventilation?

A

airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

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23
Q

Bronchodilators

A

smooth muscle in bronchiolar walls is extremely sensitive to neural controls and chemicals

inhaled irritants can activate a reflex of the parasympathetic ANS- a vigorous constriction of the bronchioles

24
Q

Asthma attacks

A

histamine can cause such strong bronchoconstriction that pulmonary ventilation stops.

Epinephrine is the antidote

25
Q

Alveolar Surface tension

A

attracts liquid molecules to each other, resists any force that attempts to increase the liquids SA

bc it is highly polar, water has high surface tension
water always wants alveoli at smallest possible size

26
Q

Surfactant

A

detergent like complex of liquids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells

-reduces surface tension and discourages alveolar collapse- less energy is required to expand the lungs

27
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

surfactant levels arent adequate
alveoli will collapse, takes a lot of energy to reinflate

treatment: artificial surfactant, devices that maintain positive airway pressure, ventilators

28
Q

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A

potential complication of IRDS

caused: prolonged ventilation and O2 therapy

29
Q

Lung compliance

A

measure of the change of a lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

Higher compliance = lungs easier to expand

30
Q

What are the 2 determining factors of lung compliance?

A

Distensibiltity of lung tissue
alveolar surface tension

31
Q

What reduces lung compliance?

A

fibrosis, reduced surfactant, decreased flexibility of thoracic cage

32
Q

Total lung compliance is influenced by

A

lung compliance
compliance of thoracic wall

33
Q

Compliance of the thoracic wall is reduced by:

A

thoracic deformity
ossifiation of the costal cartilage
paralysis of the intercostal muscles

34
Q

Tidal volume

A

air inspired and expired, normal breathing

35
Q

IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)

A

air inspired beyond TV

36
Q

ERV (Expiratory reserve volume)

A

air expired beyond TV

37
Q

RV (residual volume)

A

air remaining in lungs after ERV

38
Q

MV (Minimal Volumes)

A

small amount of air remaining in lungs- even if chest is opened

39
Q

VC

A

total amount of exchangable air

40
Q

rv

A

total non-exchangable air

41
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

air that remains in passageways and doesn’t contribute to gas exchange

42
Q

alveolar physiologic dead space

A

air in nonfunctioning alveoli

43
Q

Total dead space

A

sum of non useful volumes - anatomical + alveolar dead space.

44
Q

Spirometer

A

instrument used for measuring respiratory volumes and capacities

45
Q

Spirometry tests can help to diagnose and differentiate between

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease: diseases of increased airway resistance

Restrictive disorders: diseases of reduced lung capacity due to fibrosis/disease

46
Q

FVC

A

the amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath then forcefully inhales as maximally and rapidly as possible

47
Q

FEV

A

determines the amount of air expelled during specific intervals of FVC test

48
Q

FEV1

A

the amount of air expelled during the 1st second, typically 80%

49
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gas in lungs
O2 diffuses into blood
CO2 diffuses out of blood

50
Q

Internal respiration

A

O2 diffuses out of blood
CO2 diffuses into blood

51
Q

Dalton’s law of PP

A

total pressure of gas = sums of pressure exerted by each gas individually

52
Q

Henry’s law

A

the greater the conc. of a particular gas, the more and faster the gas will go into the solution

53
Q

At high altitude..

A

atmp drops, so pp drops too

54
Q

what influences external respiration?

A

thickness and SA of respiratory membrane
pp gradients and gas solubilities
ventilation-perfusion coupling

55
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

membranes thicken with edema and gas exchange is inadequate

SA is reduced with emphysema, tumors, inflammation, and mucus

56
Q

Perfusion

A

amount of blood reaching the alveoli

57
Q

Ventilation

A

amount of gas reaching the alveoli

Anatomy Exam III (6 decks)

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