Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RESPIRATORY > RESPIRATORY- Physiology > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY- Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Air that moves into lung each quiet inspiration

A

Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal value of Tidal volume

A

Typically 50 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Air the can still be breathed out after normal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Air in lung after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which Lung volume can not be measured on spirometry?

A

Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is Inspiratory capacity calculated?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is Functional Residual capacity calculated?

A

Residual Volume + Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Vital capicity calculated?

A

Tidal Volume+ Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

A

Vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Total lung capacity calculated?

A

Tidal Volume+ Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume+ Residual Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Volume of gas oresent in lungs after a maximal inspiration

A

Total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Formula to determine Physiologic dead space

A

VD= VT x PaCO2- PECO2
———————–
PaCO2

VT= Tidal volume
PaCO2= Arterial PCO2
PECO2= expired CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is physiologic dead space calculated?

A

Anatomic dead space of conductin airways plus functional dead space in alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What part of healthy lung is the largest contributor of functional dead space?

A

Apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Volume of inspired air that does not take part in gas exchange

A

Physiologic dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute

A

Minute ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Minute ventilation calculated?

A

VE= VT x respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Volume of gas per unit of time that reaches the alveoli

A

Alveolar ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

VA= (VT- VD) x Respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is Functional Residual capacity balanced?

A

Inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall and a sytem pressure of atmospheric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What determines Functional Residual capacity?

A

Elastic properties of both chest wall and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What Pulmonary values are at 0 in Functional Residual capacity?

A

Aiway and alveolar pressure are 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is intrapleural pressure in Functional Residual capacity?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What characteristic of Functional Residual capacity prevents pneumothorax?

A

Intrapleural pressure at 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is PVR at Functional Residual capacity?

A

At minimu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Change in lung volume for a given given change in pressure

A

Compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is compliance?

A

Change in lung volume for a given given change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In which situation is Compliance decreased?

A

In pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia and pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In which situation is Compliance increased?

A

Emphysema and normal aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is hemoglobin composed?

A

By 4 polipeptide subunits (2α and 2β)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which are the forms in which hemoglobin exist?

A

T (taut)

R (relaxed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chatarcteristic of T (taut) form of hemoglobin

A

Low affinity for O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Characteristic of R (realx) form of hemoglobin

A

Has high affinity for O2 (300x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Characteristics of hemoglobin

A

Exhibits positive cooperativity and negative allostery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What favors taunt form of hemoglobin?

A

↑ Cl-, H+, CO2, 2,3 BPG and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What shifts curve of hemoglobin to the right?

A

↑ Cl-, H+, CO2, 2,3 BPG and temperature

Exerything that favors taunt form of hemoglobin from the relaxed form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the resulf of shift curve of hemoglobin to the right?

A

Leading to ↑ O2 unloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fetal Hb

A

2 α and 2 γ subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which type of Hemoglobin has higher affinity for O2?

A

Fetal Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why does Fetal Hb has higher affinity for O2?

A

Because has lower affinity for 2,3 BOG than adult Hb and thus has higher affinity for O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does Hemoglobin taunt?

A

In tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does Hemoglobin relaxes?

A

In respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What do Hemoglobin modification lead to?

A

Tissue hypoxia from ↓ O2 and ↓ O2 content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hemoglobin modifications

A

Methemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Oxidized form of Hb (ferric, Fe3+)

A

Methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Does Methemoglobin bind O2?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

For what does Methemoglobin has affinity?

A

For cyanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How is iron in normal Hb?

A

In a reduced state (Fe2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How is iron in Methemoglobin?

A

Oxidized (Fe3+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How is Methemoglobinemia presented?

A

With cyanosis and chocolate colored blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How is cyanide poisoning treated?

A

Use nitrites to oxide Hb to Methemoglobin, which binds cyanide
Use thiosulfate to bind this cyanide, forming thiocyanate, which is renally excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How can Methemoglobinemia be treated?

A

With methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What causes poisoning by oxidzing Fe2+ to Fe3+?

A

Nitrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Form of Hb bound to CO in place of O2

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does Carboxyhemoglobin cause?

A

↓ oxygen binding capacity with a left shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the effect of Carboxyhemoglobin in tissues?

A

Decreased O2 unloading in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How is the affinity of CO for Hb?

A

CO has 200x greater affinity than O2 for Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve what cuases sigmoidal shape?

A

Due to positive cooperativity (i.e. tetrametric Hb molecule can bind 4 O2 molecules and has higher affinity for each subsequent O2 molecule bound

60
Q

How is the positive cooperativity of Myoglobin in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? Why?

A

Myoglobin is monomeric and thus does not show positive cooperativity.
Curve lacks sigmoidal apperance

61
Q

What is the effect of the curve when shifts to the right?

A

↓ affinity of Hb for O2

62
Q

What does the curve shifting to the right facilitate?

A

Facilitates unloading of O2 to tissues

63
Q

What does an ↑ in all factors (including H+) causes?

A

A shift of the curve to the right

64
Q

What does a ↓ in all factors (including H+) causes?

A

Causes a shift to the left

65
Q

Which Hb has higher affinity for O2?

A

Fetal Hb

66
Q

How is the dissociation curve for Fetal Hb?

A

Shifted to the left

67
Q

Causes of Right shift indissociation curve

A 
BAT ACE
BPG (2,3 BPG
Altitude
Temperature
Acid
CO2
Exercise
68
Q

How is the O2 content in blood calculated?

A

(O2 binding capacity x % saturation)+ dissolved O2

69
Q

How much can 1 g of Hb bind?

A

1.34 mL O2

70
Q

What is the normal Hb amount in blood?

A

15 g/dL

71
Q

When does cyanosis result?

A

When deoxygenated Hb > 5 g/dL

72
Q

How is the O2 binding capacity?

A

20.1 mL O2/dL

73
Q

When does O2 content of arterial blood decreases?

A

As Hb falls

74
Q

What is not changed when O2 content of arterial blood decreases?

A

O2 saturation and arterial PO2

75
Q

What determines O2 delivery to tissues?

A

Cardiac output x O2 content of blood

76
Q

How is % O2 sat of Hb in CO poisoning?

A

↓ (COcompetes with O2)

77
Q

How is Dissolved O2 (PaO2) in CO poisoning, anemia and Polycythemia?

A

Normal

78
Q

How is the Total O2 content in Co poisoning?

A

↓

79
Q

How is the Total O2 content in Anemia?

A

↓

80
Q

How is % O2 sat of Hb in Anemia and polycythemia?

A

Normal

81
Q

How is the Total O2 content in polycythemia?

A

↑

82
Q

How is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Normally a low resistance, high compliance system

83
Q

How are the effects of PO2 and PCO2 in pulmonary circulation?

A

PO2 and PCO2 exert opposite effects on pulmonary and systemic circulation

84
Q

What is the effect of ↓ in PAO2?

A

Causes a hypoxic vasoconstriction that shifts blood away from poorly ventilated regions of lung to well ventilated regions of lung

85
Q

How are the gases in perfussion limited?

A

O2 (nomal health), CO2, N2O

86
Q

How are the gases equilibrated in perfussion limited?

A

Gas equilibrates early along the lenght of the capillary

87
Q

How can the diffusion be modified in perfussion limited?

A

Diffusion can be ↑ only if blood flow ↑

88
Q

what are the gases affected in Diffusion limited?

A

O2 (emphysema, fibrosis), CO

89
Q

How are the gases affected in Diffusion limited?

A

Gas does not equilibrate by the time blood reaches the end of the capillary

90
Q

What are the consequences of Pulmonary hypertension?

A

Cor pulmonale and subsequent right ventricular failure

91
Q

Clinical findings of Right ventricular Failure

A

Jugular distension, edema, hepatomegaly

92
Q

How is the diffusion of gases?

A

Vgas= A/T x Dk (P1-P2) where A= area, Thickening and Dk (P1-P2) = difference in partial pressures

93
Q

When does the area in lungs is decreased?

A

In emphysema

94
Q

When does the thickening of lungs is increased?

A

In pulmonary fibrosis

95
Q

How is Pulmonary Vascular Resistance calculated?

A

PVR = Ppulm artery - P L atrium
————————————-
cardiac output

P L atrium= Pulmonary wedge pressure

96
Q

How is the Alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2= PIO2- PaCO2
———-
R

       = 150 - PaCO2

                   - ---------
                       0. 8
97
Q

Meaning of PAO2= PIO2- PaCO2
———-
R

A 
PAO2= alveolar PO2 (mmHg)
PIO2= PO2 in inspired air (mmHg)
PaCo2= arterial PCO2 (mmHg)
R= respiratory quotient= CO2 produced/ O2 consumed
98
Q

How is A-a gradient calculated?

A

A-a gradient= PAO2 - PaO2 = 10-15 mmHg

99
Q

When does A-a gradient occur?

A

In hypoxemia; causes includes shunting, V/Q mismatch, fibrosis (impairs diffusion)

100
Q

Causes of oxygen deprivation

A

Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Ischemia

101
Q

What determines Hypoxemia?

A

↓ PaO2

102
Q

Causes of Hypoxemia with Normal A-a gradient

A

High altitude

Hypoventilation

103
Q

Causes of Hypoxemia with Elevated A-a gradient

A

V/Q mismatch
Diffusion limitation
Right to left shunt

104
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

↓ O2 Delivery to tissue

105
Q

Causes of Hypoxia

A

↓ cardiac output
Hypoxemia
Anemia
CO posioning

106
Q

Loss of blood flow

A

Ischemia

107
Q

Causes of ischemia

A

Impeded arterial flow

↓ venous drainage

108
Q

What does V/Q mean?

A

Ventilation/Perfussion

109
Q

Ideally how is V/Q?

A

Ideally, ventilation is matched to perfusion (eg. V/Q= 1) in order to adequate gas exchange

110
Q

How is the V/Q in the appex of the lung?

A

V/Q = 3 (wated ventilation)

111
Q

How is the V/Q in the base of the lung?

A

V/Q = 0.6 (wasted perfussion)

112
Q

Where is better ventilation and perfusion in the lung?

A

At the base of the lung that at tje apex

113
Q

What is the result of exercise in V/Q ?

A

With excercise (Increased Cardiac Output), there is vasodilation of apical capillaries, resulting in a V/Q ratio that approaches

114
Q

Where do certain organisms that thrive in high O2 flourish?

A

In the appex

115
Q

Where do TB flourish in the lung?

A

It is an organisms that thrives in high O2 so flourish in the appex

116
Q

In which situations do we see V/Q → 0?

A

Airway obstruction (shunt)

117
Q

Does 100% O2 improve PO2 in a case of Shunt (obstruction)?

A

NO, 100% O2 does not improve PO2

118
Q

In which situations do we see V/Q → ∞?

A

Blood flow obstruction (physiologic dead space)

119
Q

Assuming

A

Yes

120
Q

Values in Zone 1 of the lung

A

PA> Pa > PV

121
Q

Values in Zone 2 of the lung

A

Pa> PA > PV

122
Q

Values in Zone 3 of the lung

A

Pa> PV >PA

123
Q

How is CO2 transported from tissues to the lungs?

A

HCO3- (90%)
Carbaminohemoglobin or HbCO2 (5%)
Dissolved CO2 (5%)

124
Q

How is CO2 bound to Hb?

A

At N terminus of globin (not heme)

125
Q

What does CO2 binding favors?

A

Favors Taunt form (O2 unloaded)

126
Q

In lungs what does oxygenation of Hb promotes?

A

Dissocaition of H+ from Hb

127
Q

What is the result of Dissocaition of H+ from Hb when Hb is oxygenated?

A

This shifts equilibrium toward CO2 formation; therefore CO2 is released from RBCs (Haldane effect)

128
Q

What is Haldane Effect?

A

Dissocaition of H+ from Hb when Hb is oxygenated, leading to shift equilibrium toward CO2 formation; therefore CO2 is released from RBCs

129
Q

How is H+ in peripheral tissue?

A

↑ H+ from tissue metabolism

130
Q

What is the result of H+ increased in peripheral tissues?

A

Shifts curve to right, unloading O2 (Bohr effect)

131
Q

How is the majority of blood CO2 carried?

A

As HCO3- in the plasma

132
Q

Physiology of Response to high altitude

A

↓ atmospheric oxygen → ↓ PaO2 → ↑ ventilation → ↓ PaCO2

133
Q

How is the ventilation in high altitudes?

A

Chronic ↑ in ventilation

134
Q

What is increased as response to high altitude?

A

↑ erythropoietin
↑ 2,3 BPG
Cellular changes (↑ mitochondria)
↑ renal excretion of HCO2-

135
Q

What is the result of ↑ erythropoietin in high altitudes?

A

↑ hematocrit and Hb (chronic hypoxia)

136
Q

What is the function of ↑ 2,3 BPG?

A

Binds to Hb so that Hb releases more O2

137
Q

Why is renal excretion of HCO3- increased?

A

To compensate for the respiratory alkalosis

138
Q

What else can be seen as a response to high altitude?

A

Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

139
Q

What is could be the result of Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

140
Q

What is increased as a result of exercise?

A

↑ CO2 production
↑ O2 consumption
↑ ventilation rate to meet O2 demand
↑ Pulmonary blood flow due to ↑ Cardiac output

141
Q

How is V/Q ratio affected during exercise?

A

V/Q ratio from apex to base becomes more uniform

142
Q

What is decreased as a response to strenous exercise?

A

↓ pH during strenous exercise

143
Q

What causes ↓ pH during strenous exercise?

A

Secondary to lactic Acidosis

144
Q

How are PaO2 and PaCO2 in response to exercise?

A

No change in PaO2 and PaCo2

145
Q

How are CO2 and O2 in venous content in response to exercise?

A

↑ in venous CO2 content and ↓ in venous O2 content

RESPIRATORY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions