Respiratory Regulation During Exercise and Adaptation

Question 1

Inspiration - Rest and Exercise Muscles

Answer 1

Rest (Diaphram and External Intercostal)
Exercise (SCM, Scalenes, Upper Trap)

Question 2

Expiration - Rest and Exercise Muscles

Answer 2

Rest (Passive)
Exercise (Abdominals and Internal Intercostal Muscles)

Question 3

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 3

Air in/Out of Lungs

Ve = TV x f

Question 4

Pulmonary Diffusion

Answer 4

Exhange of gases

Depends on partial pressure, solubility and temperature

Question 5

Anatomical Dead Space

Answer 5

• Space in which O2 and CO2 gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the repsiratory tract
• ~150 ml

Question 6

Partial Pressure of Air

Answer 6

% of Element x Atmospheric pressure = Partial Pressure

Ex: .2093 (O2) x 760 mmHg (sea level) = 159.068

Question 7

PO2 and PCO2 in blood

Answer 7

Lung: 159mmHg PO2 and 0.2 mmHg PCO2
Capillaries: PO2 100 mmHg and 40 mmHg PCO2
Venous: PO2 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46mmHg

Question 8

ABG CO2

Answer 8

ABG = Arterial Blood Gases
- Take blood from artery
- Worrisome as increase pressures here

PaCO2 = 35-45mmHg (Pressure of arterial CO2)

Question 9

Tidal Volume

Answer 9

Amount of air I/E w/ each breath

Question 10

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 10

Additional volume of air that can be taken into lungs above TV

Question 11

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 11

Additional volume of ait that can be exhaled beyond normal TV

Question 12

Residual Volume

Answer 12

Amount of air remaining after forced exhalation

Question 13

Vital Capacity

Answer 13

VC = TV + TRV + ERV

Question 14

Inspiratory Capacity

Answer 14

IC = TV +IRV

Question 15

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 15

FRC = ERV + RV

Question 16

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 16

TLC = VC + RV

Question 17

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Answer 17

• Dissolves in blood plasma (7-10%)
• Bicarbonate ions resulting from dissociation from carbonic acid (60-70%)
• Bound to Hemoglobin (20-30%)

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

1 Hb = 4 molecules of O2 bound
~14-18 g/dL of Hb in men
~**12-16 **g/dL of Hb in women

No universal amounts; Check in with clinical site for their values

Question 19

Your patient in the hospital has a Hb of 8 g/dL. What do you do?

Answer 19

I would exercise my patient at a low level. Having such a low level makes me cautious but doesn’t automatically rule out treatment.

Chemo can drop hemoglobin levels

Question 20

Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation at Rest

Answer 20

• Medulla Oblangata and Pons
• Rhythmicity

Question 21

Rhythmicity

Answer 21

Tells you when to breath and not to breath without concious thinking

Question 22

Hyperventilation

Answer 22

Increase in ventilation that exceeds the metabolic need for oxygen

Question 23

From 0-2 Minutes what contributes to rapid rise in ventilation?

THIS IS A QUESTION ON THE EXAM

Answer 23

Initial rise before exercise is anticipation.

Rise during exercise is due to muscles sending a signal from periphery to the brainstem that creates an output to diaphragm and external intercostals for inspiration

Question 24

Ventilatory Threshold - “Breakpoint”

Answer 24

• Point during exercise in which ventilation increases disproportionately to the oxygen consumption; O2 delivery can no longer match the energy requirements so energy must be derived from anaerobic glycolysis (No O2 required for this process)
• Increased lactate levels, due to increased CO2 levels (buffering), triggering a respiratory response
• Normal Individual: >55% to 70% VO2max

Question 25

Anaerobic Threshold

Answer 25

• Point in which metabolism becomes increasingly more anaerobic
• Increase in Ve/VO2 without change in Ve/VCO2
• Buffering due to pyruvate being turned into lactate; reflects lactate threshold
• In a trained individual can shift the curve to the right

Question 26

Recovery and Blood Lactate Levels

Answer 26

Active recovery decreases Blood Lactate Levels much quicker than passive recovery.

Question 27

Respiratory Limitations to Performance

Answer 27

• Respiratory muscles may use up to 11% of total oxygen consumed during heavy activity
• Breathing muscles are more resistant to fatigue than extremeity muscles (Diaphram and External Intercostals)
• Pulomonary Ventilation is not a limiting factor during exercise
• Airway resistance and gas diffusion usually do not limit performance in normal healthy individuals

Question 28

Respiratory Adaptations to Training

Answer 28

• Pulmonary ventilation increases during maximal effrot after training
• Pulmonary diffusion increases at maximal work rates
• The a-vO2 difference increases with training due to more oxygen being extracted by tissues
• All major adaptations of the respiratory system to training are most apparent during maximal exercise

Question 29

Ventilatory Threshold and Anerobic Threshold

Answer 29

• Happen at same time;
• Ventilatory Threshold: Ventilation increases disproportionately to the oxygen consumption.
• Change in metabolic rate due to energy demands