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Cell and Tissue Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of respiratory system

A

Provides for exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood

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2
Q

What are the two main functional components of the respiratory system?

A

conducting portion and respiratory portion

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3
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system is where…

A

air is conditioned and directed

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4
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system is located in:

A

nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea
bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Respiratory portion of respiratory system is where…

A

gas exchange occurs

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6
Q

Respiratory portion of respiratory system is located in:

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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7
Q

Most of the conducting portion is lined with mucosa having…

A

respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar, often with goblet cells)

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, often with goblet cells

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9
Q

left and right nasal cavities

vestibules

A

a dilated space of the cavity where air enters

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10
Q

nasal cavities

Each cavity contains three bony projections called ___ which ___

A

conchae (turbinate bones)
create turbulence of inspired air

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11
Q

nasal cavities

moist vibrissae function

A

filter air of particulate matter

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12
Q

Where in the nasal cavities is the olfactory region?

A

upper third/apex

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13
Q

nasal cavities

Olfactory mucosa contains…

A

specialized olfactory epithelium (bipolar olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells, brush cells)

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14
Q

Pharynx function

A

connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

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15
Q

Pharynx is divided into:

A

Nasopharynx and oropharynx

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16
Q

Larynx function

A

Passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea

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17
Q

larynx

Epiglottis structure and function

A

Flattened elastic cartilage near top of larynx
Prevents swallowed food from entering airway

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18
Q

larynx

False vocal cords structure and function

A

Two pairs of vestibular folds covered by respiratory epithelium
No movement but aids in sound resonance

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19
Q

larynx

True vocal cords structure and function

A

Two vocal folds covered by stratified squamous epithelium
Control air flow through larynx and vibrate to produce sound
Contains vocalis muscle

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20
Q

larynx

Below each false vocal cord is an elongated recess alley a ___

A

ventricle

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21
Q

larynx

Vocalis muscle structure and function

A

skeletal muscle, attached to a ligament
tension on the ligaments caused by the muscle produces different sounds

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22
Q

Trachea divides into…

A

the two primary bronchi

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23
Q

Trachea functions

A

Condition and conduct air

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24
Q

Trachea structure

A

series of ~12 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that maintains open airway

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25
Q

trachea

Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) and fibroelastic tissue aid in:

A
  1. controlling luminal diameter of trachea to control air intake
  2. allows for passage of swallowed bolus of food by esophagus
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26
Q

4 layers of wall of trachea from inside out:

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. cartilaginous layer
  4. adventitia
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27
Q

trachea

The mucosa layer of the wall contains…

A

epithelium (PSCC with goblet cells, thick basement membrane) lamina propria, many blood vessels (warming)

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28
Q

trachea

Submucosa layer of wall contains…

A

seromucous glands (for moistening)

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29
Q

trachea

Cartilaginous layer of wall contains…

A

rings of C-shaped hyaline cartilage

30
Q

trachea

Adventitia layer of wall contains…

A

connective tissue connecting trachea to surrounding structures (esophagus)

31
Q

bronchial tree

Two primary bronchi enter the lungs at the ___

A

hilum

32
Q

bronchial tree

Primary bronchi branch into ___

A

secondary bronchi

33
Q

bronchial tree

There are ___ secondary bronchi in the right lung and ___ in the left lung.

A

3 in the right lung
2 in the left lung

34
Q

bronchial tree

Secondary bronchi branch into ___

A

tertiary bronchi

35
Q

bronchial tree

There are ___ tertiary bronchi in the right lung and ___ in the left lung.

A

10 in the right lung, 8 in the left lung

36
Q

bronchial tree

Tertiary bronchi branch into smaller bronchi whose terminal branches are called ___

A

bronchioles

37
Q

bronchial tree

Each bronchiole branches to form 5-7 ___

A

terminal bronchioles

38
Q

bronchial tree

Terminal bronchioles branch to form ___

A

respiratory bronchioles

39
Q

bronchial tree

Respiratory bronchioles branch to form ___

A

alveolar ducts

40
Q

bronchial tree

Clusters of ___ form at the ends of alveolar ducts.

A

alveolar sacs

41
Q

brachial tree

What are alveoli?

A

outpocketings of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

42
Q

Bronchi architecture contains:

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Cartilage layer
Adventitia

43
Q

Mucosa of bronchi contains…

A

Respiratory epithelium, and lamina propria of loose CT

44
Q

Muscularis of bronchi is made up of…

A

spiral bands of smooth muscle

45
Q

Contraction of muscularis muscle in bronchi is important in…

A

regulating the appropriate diameter of the bronchi

46
Q

Submucosa of the bronchi contains:

A

seromucous glands

47
Q

Describe cartilage layer of bronchi

A

discontinuous hyaline cartilage plates, become smaller as bronchi become smaller, supports bronchial wall

48
Q

Describe adventitia of bronchi

A

dense irregular connective tissue continuous with adjacent structures

49
Q

bronchioles

Epithelium initially PSCC with goblet cells in largest bronchioles, but quickly becomes…

A

simple columnar ciliated, no goblet cells, and eventually cuboidal ciliated

50
Q

Bronchioles have no:

A

cartilage plates or glands

51
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined with…

A

ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium, along with non-ciliated cuboidal Clara cells, and occasional brush cells

52
Q

terminal bronchioles

Clara cells secrete:

A
  1. a surface active agent
  2. Clara cell secretory protein
53
Q

terminal bronchioles

Clara cells secrete a surface active agent. What is this?

A

a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion

54
Q

terminal bronchioles

Clara cells secrete Clara cell secretory protein (CC16). What is its function?

A

helps protect against lung injury, antimicrobial, detoxifying harmful substances inhaled into the lungs (CC16 decreased in asthma, COPD, and lung injury associated with loss of Clara cells)

55
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are involved in…

A

conduction and gas exchange

56
Q

Respiratory bronchioles mucosal epithelium is…

A

ciliated simple cuboidal along with nonciliated Clara cells (same as terminal bronchioles)

57
Q

Alveolar ducts are…

A

distal ends of respiratory bronchioles; elongated airways from which alveoli open

58
Q

Alveolar ducts are lined by:

A

simple squamous and simple cuboidal cells

59
Q

Alveolar ducts have no:

A

smooth muscle

60
Q

Alveolar sacs are…

A

spaces around clusters of alveoli, typically at the end of alveolar ducts

61
Q

Alveoli are…

A

terminal air spaces of the respiratory system; major site of gas exchange between air and blood

62
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by an extremely thin piece of CT containing blood capillaries called the:

A

alveolar septal wall (or interalveolar septa)

63
Q

Alveoli are lined by…

A

type I (simple squamous) and type II (cuboidal) alveolar cells
(or type I and II pneumocytes)

64
Q

Where is the blood-air barrier?

A

alveolar septum: respiratory membrane

65
Q

Three parts of the respiratory membrane:

A
  1. type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  2. fused basal lamina of type I alveolar cells and endothelial cells of capillaries
  3. capillary endothelial cells
66
Q

Type I alveolar cell type and function

A

Thin simple squamous
Alveolar side of air-blood barrier: diffusion of O2 and CO2

67
Q

Type II alveolar cell type

A

Cuboidal cells interspersed amongst type I alveolar cells

68
Q

Type II alveolar cell function

A

Secrete surfactant

69
Q

type II alveolar cells

What is surfactant and its function?

A

A surface active agent of lipoproteins and phospholipids, spread over entire inner alveolar surface as a film
Decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse

70
Q

Alveolar macrophages are found in…

A

alveolar spaces and the interalveolar septal wall

71
Q

Alveolar macrophages function

A

Phagocytose airborne particulate matter, infectious organisms, and RBCs lost from damaged capillaries

72
Q

What is anthrocotic pigment?

A

Ingested material macrophages can’t break down (tars, nicotine, pollutants, coal dust, etc) that remain in macrophages and accumulate in CT

Cell and Tissue Biology (5 decks)

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