respiratory system

Question 1

O2 conc in seawater vs air

Answer 1

210 mg/L in air, 5.3 mg/L in water

Question 2

tunicates and cephalochordate respiration

Answer 2

passive diffusion on pharyngeal wall, exchanges as water moves

Question 3

who has external gills

Answer 3

many fish, amphibian larvae

Question 4

who has internal gills

Answer 4

agnathans, other fish, sharks

Question 5

internal gill structure

Answer 5

things btwn gill openings = interbranchial septa. made of cartilage from brachiomere, contains in the ray muscle, nerve, and aortic arch

Question 6

Pouch numbers

Answer 6

number of embryonic pouches/gill slits. varies among species but lampreys have 7, ancestral fish had 15, hagfish 14, early teleosts and sharks - 6, teleosts - 5.

Question 7

pouched gills

Answer 7

had by lampreys.can have mouth closed and breathe through closed gills, and can also let water flow from mouth to gills if both open. can suck, feed, and breathe.

Question 8

gill lamellae

Answer 8

finger like projections, have more lamellae on them called secondary lamellae. ancestrally lined gill surface fully and stopped at inside, in teleosts come up into opercular cavity

Question 9

elasmobranch gills

Answer 9

septal, attached to interbranchial septa, distal ends can close, many external gill slits. gill rakers keep food out of gills and used to filter in whale sharks. can move water via open mouth swimming or forcing water in thru mouth and spiracle and over gills. whale sharks - suction

Question 10

blood path thru gills

Answer 10

blood enters via afferent branchial artery, leaves (to body) via pre- and post- trematic arteries.

Question 11

efficiency of countercurrent flow

Answer 11

uptake 95% of oxygen

Question 12

teleost gills

Answer 12

1 external gill slit, reduced septa. continuous flow across gills inside cavity, branchial adductors regulate flow. vascular system 1 epithelial cell from water, channel supported by pillar cells (so it doesnt collapse). Surface area varies based on activity level

Question 13

arborescent organ

Answer 13

suprabranchial air pouch that emerged from gill pouch - present in climbing perch, walking catfish.

Question 14

fish with air breathing examples

Answer 14

climbing perch, walking catfish (arborescent organ). eels that move overland (vascular skin). perch (modified gut for air). gar, reed fish, bowfin, pirarucu, lungfish (lung/swim bladder for drying habitat)

Question 15

pulse-pump system/buccal pump

Answer 15

new and old air are mixed. air leaves via buccal cavity, enters buccal cavity, and then buccal must push air into lungs (inefficient). common in amphibians and fish

Question 16

glottis

Answer 16

sphincter between buccal cavity and lungs

Question 17

aspiration pump

Answer 17

using dermal plates or ribs, can inflate lungs directly from the air. polypterus has this, found in tetrapods except amphibians. in tetrapods the intercostals expand, lung wall contracts or abdominal flank muscles contract. in higher tetrapods, liver is moved to simulate diaphragm to expand/or diaphragm is used.

Question 18

lungs coating

Answer 18

surfactant to prevent sticking = lipoprotein

Question 19

swim bladder

Answer 19

dorsal branching, used for buoyancy or holding air.

Question 20

lung moisture maintenance

Answer 20

coating, keeping warm wet spent air in there to mix with fresh air (allows absorption)

Question 21

neoteny

Answer 21

paedomorphy

Question 22

amphibian muscle used to contract for breathing

Answer 22

hypaxial muscles, esp transversus abdominus (buccal pump)

Question 23

division of labor in skin and lung breathing

Answer 23

skin more for expelling CO2, lungs for acquiring O2

Question 24

apnea tolerant groups

Answer 24

amphibians and reptiles

Question 25

lungless salamander group

Answer 25

plethodontids

Question 26

amphibian unique structure

Answer 26

laryngotracheal chamber

Question 27

lungs thru tetrapod orders

Answer 27

more passages and SA as move thru tetrapods. reptiles - bronchus and alveolar sacs, storage of air at bottom.

Question 28

bird lungs

Answer 28

unidirectional flow. have anterior and posterior air sacs. air moves from trachea, primary bronchi, mesobronchus, posterior air sacs, thru lungs for absorption (parabronchi), anterior air sac, and out. crosscurrent flow where blood and air mix. uncianate processes allow ribs to hinge, move sternum, control flow.

Question 29

vocal cord evolution

Answer 29

frogs - vocal cords in laryngotrachea, males have vocal sacs. reptiles - arytenoid cartilage and cricoid cart. birds - syrinx. mammals have vocal cords made of cricoid, arytenoid, and thyroid cartilages

Question 30

secondary palate

Answer 30

separates food and respiration in mammals

Question 31

lung organization mammals

Answer 31

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (supported by cartilage rings), bronchioles (smooth muscle), alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs covered in alveoli

Question 32

alveoli composition

Answer 32

type 1 lining cells for gas exchange, type 2 caretaker which secrete lipoproteins and do repairs

Question 33

costal aspiration pump

Answer 33

found in mammals, pleural cavity expands by diaphragm, intercostals, clavicle and neck work together.

Question 34

swim bladder used for O2 storage

Answer 34

gas gland pumps O2 into cavity, is 80% O2. can stay that way due to guanine plate lining. rete mirable blood vessels countercurrent to prevent O2 from getting out before its time