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Histology 📖 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the lungs and the
series of passages

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

Main function of Respiratory System

A
  • intake of oxygen by the blood
  • to eliminate carbon dioxide
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3
Q

Which portion serves to warm,
humidity, or clean the air?

A

CONDUCTING PORTION

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4
Q

In conducting portion, air will just pass through to be damp. (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Conduction portion consists of:

A

o Nose (nasal cavity)
o Pharynx
o Larynx
o Trachea
o Bronchi
o Bronchioles
o Terminal Bronchioles

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6
Q

On the basis of their functions the respiratory system can be
classified into:

A

➢ CONDUCTING PORTION
➢ RESPIRATORY PORTION

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7
Q

It is the portion where the exchange of
gasses takes place

A

RESPIRATORY PORTION

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8
Q

In the respiratory portion, where does the exchange of gases occur?

A

blood and alveoli

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9
Q

Respiratory portion consists of:

A

o Respiratory bronchioles
o Alveolar ducts
o Alveolar sacs
o Alveoli

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10
Q

Where does the upper part of the respiratory system starts?

A

Nose, and ends in the larynx

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11
Q

Where does the lower part of the respiratory system starts?

A

Larynx

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12
Q

typical respiratory epithelium is lined by

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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13
Q

The
respiratory epithelium consists of the 5 types of cells

A

CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS
MUCUS GOBLET CELLS
BRUSH CELLS
BASAL CELLS (SHORT CELLS)
SMALL GRANULE CELLS

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14
Q

Constitute the most abundant cell type

A

CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS

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15
Q

Each cell possesses about HOW MANY cilia on its apical surface. (CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS)

A

300 cilia

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16
Q

It is necessary to provide ATP
required for ciliary beating. (CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS)

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

The next most abundant cell type

A

MUCUS GOBLET CELLS

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18
Q

The apical portion
of these cell contain polysaccharide rich mucous
droplet.

A

MUCUS GOBLET CELLS

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19
Q

Columnar cells with numerous microvilli present on their apical surfaces.

A

BRUSH CELLS

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20
Q

2 types of brush borders:

A

o Immature cells
o Sensory/ receptor cells with dendritic
synapses on their basal surfaces

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21
Q

What type of brush cell represent replacements for dead or dying ciliated or goblet cells?

A

Immature cells

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22
Q

Small rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but
do not extend to the luminal surface of the
epithelium

A

BASAL CELLS (SHORT CELLS)

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23
Q

What type of cell is responsible for progenitor cells production?

A

BASAL CELLS (SHORT CELLS)

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24
Q

3% of the total respiratory epithelium is made up of ___________. (SMALL GRANULE CELLS)

A

Kulchitsky cells

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25
Q

Resembles a basal cell and contains
numerous granules

A

SMALL GRANULE CELLS

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26
Q

What is the size of small granule cells?

A

100-300 um in diameter with
dense cores

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27
Q

These cells constitute a population of APUD cells

A

SMALL GRANULE CELLS

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28
Q

Function of APUD cells

A

Act as effectors in the interrelation of the mucous and serous secreting process.

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29
Q

Respiratory tract consists of:

A

NOSE/NASAL CAVITY
PHARYNX
LARYNX

TRACHEA
LUNGS
BRONCHIAL TUBE

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30
Q

It extends from the nares
(nostrils) to the choanae, through which it opens into
the nasopharynx.

A

NOSE/NASAL CAVITY

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31
Q

The nasal cavity extends from the __________ to the ___________, through which it opens into
the ____________.

A

nares (nostrils) > choanae > nasopharynx

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32
Q

Nasal cavity is divided into:

A

lateral halves

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33
Q

It is divided into lateral halves, the
nasal fossae by a median bony structure called __________. (NOSE/NASAL CAVITY)

A

nasal septum

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34
Q

There are three regions, which can be distinguished in
the nasal cavity namely:

A

VESTIBULE
RESPIRATORY REGION
OLFACTORY REGION

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35
Q

This is the most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity.

A

VESTIBULE

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36
Q

VESTIBULE is lined by

A

stratified squamous non-cornified
epithelium

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37
Q

What tissue is present in VESTIBULE?

A

dense connective tissue

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38
Q

Vestibule contains:

A

some sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
and hair follicles with thick, stiff hair

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39
Q

Stiff hair in vestibule is called:

A

vibrissae

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40
Q

Schneidarian membrane. (REGION IN NASAL CAVITY)

A

RESPIRATORY REGION

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41
Q

The mucus membrane lining the respiratory portion consists of:

(RESPIRATORY REGION)

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium with goblet cells.

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42
Q

Respiratory Region (Nasal Cavity) has a relatively thick basement membrane. The lamina propria contains both serous and mucous tubulo-alveolar glands. (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

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43
Q

In respiratory region (nasal cavity), abundant venous plexuses are found beneath the
epithelium and are known as ____________

A

cavernous plexuses

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44
Q

These are capable of engorgement and may cause “stuffy nose” in colds or “nose bleed”.

A

RESPIRATORY REGION

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45
Q

The respiratory mucosa here is adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath it

A

RESPIRATORY REGION

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46
Q

Respiratory mucosa in RESPIRATORY REGION is called ________

A

mucoperiosteum or mucoperichondrium

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47
Q

RESPIRATORY REGION contains:

A

GLANDS
CARTILAGE

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48
Q

This is a specialized area containing the receptor organ for smell

A

olfactory mucosa
(olfactory epithelium)

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49
Q

What region is responsible for smelling?

A

OLFACTORY REGION

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50
Q

olfactory mucosa
(olfactory epithelium) located at the ____________.

A

roof of nasal fossa

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51
Q

The olfactory epithelium is lined by

A

pseudostratified
columnar epithelium without goblet cells

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52
Q

OLFACTORY REGION has distinct basal lamina. (T or F)

A

F (NO)

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53
Q

CELLS THAT ARE FOUND IN THE OLFACTORY REGION

A

olfactory cells, basal cells,
and supporting or sustentacular cells.

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54
Q

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains branched tubulo-alveolar glands caled ___________

A

Bowman’s glands

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55
Q

Musculo-membranous tube
extending from the base of the skull to the level of the
sixth cervical vertebrae opposite the lower border of
the cricoid cartilage.

A

PHARYNX

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56
Q

Pharynx is lined by

A

Respiratory Epithelium

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57
Q

PARTS OF THE PHARYNX

A

NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX

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58
Q

Uppermost part of the pharynx

A

NASOPHARYNX

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59
Q

NASOPHARYNX

A

pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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60
Q

NASOPHARYNX’s lamina propria contains

A

elastic tissue

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61
Q

In NASOPHARYNX, Pharyngeal glands are present of mixed secretion. (T OR F)

A

TRUE

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62
Q

Lymphatic tissue is especially abundant in the superior part of _____________

A

NASOPHARYNX

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63
Q

There are aggregations of the lymphatic nodules
known as ___________. (NASOPHARYNX)

A

pharyngeal tonsils in the posterior
wall

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64
Q

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by

A

stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.

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65
Q

Glands of mucous type are found in

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX

66
Q

Continuation of laryngopharynx

A

LARYNX

67
Q

The larynx consists of:

A

a mucosa, a definite
submucosa, a series of irregularly shaped
cartilages, and a group of intrinsic skeletal
muscles.

68
Q

Mucosa of the larynx is made up of 2 pairs of folds between the ventricles. (T OR F)

A

T

69
Q

in larynx, the upper part constitutes the

A

false vocal cords (vestibular folds)

70
Q

false vocal cords (vestibular folds) is lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar with
goblet cells

71
Q

The lamina propria of false vocal
cords is composed of

A

loose
connective tissue with elastic
fibers, lymphocytes and lymphatic
nodules.

72
Q

WHAT TYPE OF GLAND IS PRESENT IN THE IN THE FALSE VOCAL CORDS (LARYNX)?

A

Laryngeal glands of mixed
secretion

73
Q

The lower part or the larynx constitutes the

A

true vocal
cords (vocal folds)

74
Q

TRUE VOCAL CHORDS is lined by

A

stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

75
Q

The lamina propria of true vocal cords
is

A

almost indistinct and contains a
vocal ligament, which is formed of
elastic tissue.

76
Q

what forms the vocal ligament?

A

elastic tissue

77
Q

Beneath the vocal ligament is the

A

vocalis muscle

78
Q

vocalis muscle is formed by

A

median fibers of the thyroarythenoid
muscle (skeletal muscle)

79
Q

In the larynx, there is no sharp demarcation between the mucosa and submucosa. The tunica adventitia forms the outer covering. (T or F)

A

True

80
Q

Cartilages of the Larynx are:

A

▪ Paired
▪ Unpaired

81
Q

Paired (cartilages of the Larynx) consists of

A
  • Arythenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
82
Q

Unpaired (cartilages of the Larynx) consists of

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
83
Q

Hyaline cartilages are thyroid, cricoid
and lower part of arythenoid. Elastic cartilages
include corniculate, cuneiform and upper part
of arythenoid. (T or F)

A

TRUE

84
Q

WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE IN THE LARYNX support the larynx and raise it during deglutition?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

85
Q

What type of muscle contract to cause an
irregularity in laryngeal cavity resulting to
phonation?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

86
Q

The larynx maybe divided into 3 parts:

A

UPPER PART
MIDDLE PART
LOWER PART

87
Q

Laryngeal vestibule (IDENTIFY PART OF THE LARYNX)

A

UPPER PART

88
Q

Laryngeal ventricle (IDENTIFY PART OF THE LARYNX)

A

MIDDLE PART

89
Q

Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal
cord below (IDENTIFY PART OF THE LARYNX)

A

MIDDLE PART

90
Q

Infraglottic portion (IDENTIFY PART OF THE LARYNX)

A

LOWER PART

91
Q

Lower extent of the larynx (IDENTIFY PART OF THE LARYNX)

A

LOWER PART

92
Q

thin-walled tube that extends from
the base of the larynx (cricoid cartilage) to the point at which it bifurcates into 2 primary

A

trachea

93
Q

Lining epithelium + Lamina propria =

A

mucosa

94
Q

TRACHEA is lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells

95
Q

IN TRACHEA, the lamina
propria is

A

loose connective tissue with elastic
fibers, lymphocytes and occasional lymphatic
modules

96
Q

Trachea’s submucosa contains

A

numerous tracheal
glands of the mixed type.

97
Q

There are ________ C-shaped hyaline cartilages.

A

16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages

98
Q

In trachea, it surrounds the cartilages

A

perichondrium

99
Q

In trachea, the gap between the ends of cartilages is smooth muscle fibers termed_________

A

trachealis muscles

100
Q

tunica adventitia is composed of what tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

101
Q

paired organs, which together with the
mediastinum fill the thoracic cavity.

A

LUNGS

102
Q

How many lobes in the right side of the lungs?

A

3

103
Q

How many lobes in the left side of the lungs?

A

2

104
Q

The primary
division from the trachea represented by the

A

main bronchus
(extrapulmonary) (enters the root of the lungs where it divides
into the secondary bronchi going to each lobe.)

105
Q

Each secondary bronchus
divides into branches and gives rise to the ________

A

tertiary bronchus

106
Q

In the lungs, there is ___________ in diameter and gradual decrease in cartilage

A

progressive reduction

107
Q

intrapulmonary tubes with a caliber of about
1mm

A

Bronchioles

108
Q

Size of the bronchioles

A

1mm

109
Q

The cartilages are already absent. As they continue to
divide, branch, and reduce to a caliber of about 0.5 mm, or
less, they are already known as ___________

A

terminal bronchioles

110
Q

Each of the terminal bronchioles divides into branches called

A

respiratory bronchioles

111
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole and its
subsidiary division make up a functional unit of the lung
known as ___________

A

primary pulmonary lobule

112
Q

Each respiratory
bronchiole undergoes further divisions into __________, which in turn branch further terminating into ____________

A

alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

113
Q

The smallest units or subdivisions of the lungs are ___________

A

pulmonary alveoli,

114
Q

Small out-pocketings that form the lining of the alveolar ducts and sacs. Their walls are where actual interchange of gases between the blood and air takes place.

A

Pulmonary alveoli

115
Q
  • Bifurcation of the trachea
  • Main bronchus (Right and left)
  • Enters root of lungs with arteries, veins, and
    lymphatic vessels
A

BRONCH

116
Q

Lining Epithelium of the bronchi

A

Respiratory epithelium

117
Q

are similar to the stem
(primary) bronchi except that it is smaller in diameter.

A

secondary (lobar) bronchi

118
Q

similar to the
secondary (lobar) bronchi except that the cartilages are broken into plates
or islands.

A

The tertiary (segmental) bronchi

119
Q

The primary bronchi (right and left) are found

A

outside
of the lungs

120
Q

the secondary and tertiary
bronchi are found

A

within the lungs

121
Q

term used to refer
to bronchi located within the lungs (e.g.,
secondary and tertiary)

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

122
Q

Intrapulmonary Bronchi is lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

123
Q

Lamina propia of the mucosa of Intrapulmonary Bronchi contains

A

loose connective tissue

124
Q

Submucosa of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi is loose connective tissue contains

A

blood vessels, lymphatic tissue,
and tubulo-alveolar glands of mixed type
(bronchial glands)

125
Q

composed of
irregularly shaped hyaline cartilages and
broken plates of cartilages

A

Fibrocartilagenous coat (Intrapulmonary Bronchi)

126
Q

Tunica Adventitita in Intrapulmonary Bronchi contains

A

loose connective tissue with
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves

127
Q

Size of Bronchioles

A

1mm or less in diameter

128
Q
  • No more hyaline cartilages
  • No secreting glands and lymphatic nodules
A

BRONCHIOLES

129
Q

Bronchioles is lined by

A

g glands and lymphatic nodules
* Mucosa - lined by pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory
epithelium)

130
Q

Submucosa and Adventitia - Due to disappearance
of cartilage plates, the submucosa and adventitia are
no longer sharply demarcated. These two coats
have fused appearing as a continuous layer of
areolar connective tissue containing blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. (T OR F)

A

TRUE

131
Q

SIZE OF TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

A

0.5 mm or less in diameter

132
Q
  • Simple cuboidal, ciliated with club cells
  • There are no cartilages and glands.
  • It has a smooth muscle layer that is continuous
    with less mucosal folds
A

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

133
Q

formerly called Clara cells

A

Club cells

134
Q

CLUB CELLS CONTAINS

A

secretory granules that
produce surfactant-like materials

135
Q

The conducting portion ends in the terminal
bronchioles, so, air will pass through the terminal bronchioles but the actual gas exchange will happen in the respiratory bronchioles. (T OR F)

A

T

136
Q

The lining epithelium is simple cuboidal, ciliated cells, and club cells with
scattered alveoli

A

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

137
Q

Respiratory bronchiole consists of

A

Fewer smooth muscle fibers with elastic connective
tissue

138
Q

These are secretory in
appearance and have been referred to as Clara cells
or club cells or non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial
cells.

A

non-ciliated cuboidal cells

139
Q

In respiratory bronchioles, the secretory products of these cells are
analogous to the _________

A

surfactant of the alveoli (surfactantlike secretions)

140
Q

thin-walled tubes lined by simple
squamous epithelium, with a highly discontinuous
wall giving off several branches.

A

ALVEOLAR DUCTS

141
Q

thin walled out-pocketings, which
are clusters of 2 or more alveoli, lined by simple squamous epithelium.

A

Alveolar sacs

142
Q

communication between the
alveolar duct and the alveolar sacs.

A

atrium

143
Q
  • thin walled out-pocketings
    lining the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and
    respiratory bronchioles.
  • The interchange of gases between blood and air takes place. (Actual gas exchange)
A

PULMONARY ALVEOLI

144
Q

Considered the most important component of the lungs.

A

PULMONARY ALVEOLI

145
Q

Lining Epithelium of PULMONARY ALVEOLI

A

Simple squamous

146
Q
  • Small alveolar cells/ Pneumocyte type I
  • Squamous or flattened cells
  • Part of the blood-air barrier
A

TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS

147
Q

Shape of TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS

A

Squamous or flattened cells

148
Q

Form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces

A

TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS

149
Q

Great alveolar cells / Septal cells/ Pneumocyte type II

A

TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS

150
Q

Roughly cuboidal cells found along the junctions of
alveolar walls

A

TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS

151
Q

In Secretory cells secreting surfactant which lowers the ___________

A

surface tension

152
Q

Cells contain secretory granules at its supranuclear
portion

A

TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS

153
Q

It is the alveolar septum where gases
must pass in exchange between the air and blood

A

BLOOD-AIR BARRIER

154
Q

LAYERS OF THE BLOOD-AIR BARRIER

A

o Alveolar epithelium
o Fused basement membrane
o Capillary endothelium

155
Q

When you inhale, the air goes into the alveolus, oxygen then
enters the capillary endothelium which contains red blood
cells that deliver oxygen and transport carbon dioxide. (T OR F)

A

TRUE

156
Q

These are free phagocytic cells encountered in the alveolar wall.

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

157
Q

They contain particles of dust hence called
dust cells.

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

158
Q

In heart congestion, ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES become filled with hemosiderin
pigments/granules resulting from the phagocytosis and
degeneration of blood pigments, termed heart failure
cells. (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

159
Q

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES CONTAINS

A

TYPE I & II ALVEOLAR CELLS
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

160
Q

STUDY THE LAST PAGES OF THE TRANSES, OWKI??

A

OWKI!! DONE NA!!

Histology 📖 (4 decks)

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