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Histology 3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the air conduction system

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange in the lungs

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3
Q

Air passing through the larynx is used to?

A

generate sounds

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4
Q

Each nasal cavity opens externally with a ___ and internally with a ___.

A

nostril

choana

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5
Q

What are the 3 segments to the nasal cavities?

A

vestibule, respiratory segment, and olfactory segment

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6
Q

Vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity and is made of ______ epithelium. This contains stiff hairs called ____ that are used to trap dust as they enter the nasal cavity. There are ____ associated with the hair follicles.

A

stratified squamous
vibrissae
sebaceous glands

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7
Q

Respiratory segment occupies most of the volume of the nasal cavity. What are its functions?

A

warm, moisten, and filter inspired air

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8
Q

Lining of the respiratory segment? Other cell types present throughout the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
-ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, and small granule cells

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9
Q

Tall columnar cells, motile cilia that move the mucus along the surface of the epithelium

A

ciliated cells

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10
Q

Secrete mucus via merocrine secretion

A

goblet cells

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11
Q

Together, goblet cells and ciliated cells form the _____ responsible for trapping and removing small particles from the resp. tract

A

mucociliary apparatus

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12
Q

Replacement cells that can differentiate into other cell types within the resp. epithelium. Do not reach the surface.

A

basal cells

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13
Q

Short, blunt, immotile microvilli. Receptor cells responsible for general sensation in the conducting part of the resp. system.

A

brush cells

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14
Q

Secretory cells, contain numerous membrane-bounded, dense-core granules at the base of the cell. Homologous to the enteroendocrine cells. Appearance explained by the development of the resp. tract and lungs from the evagination of the primitive foregut.

A

small granule cells

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15
Q

The underlying lamina propria of the respiratory segment is attached to the ____ of adjacent bone or ___ of adjacent cartilage.

A

periosteum

perichondrium

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16
Q

The CT of the lamina propira contains extensive venous plexus near the __ and ___ nasal conchae which ___ the inspired air.

A

inferior and medial

warms

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17
Q

The medial wall of the resp. segment is ____. The lateral wall forms several folds called ___ or ____.

A

smooth

turbinates (increase surface area and causes air turbulance) or conchae

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18
Q

The epithelium of the olfactory segment rests on a well-developed _____.

A

thick lamina propria

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19
Q

How is olfactory epithelium different?

A

contains neurons, NO goblet cells

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20
Q

The nuclei of the supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium are in the ___ position, the nuclei of the olfactory cells are in the ____ position, and the nuclei of the basal cells occupy the ___ position.

A

supporting- most apical position
olfactory- middle
basal- basal

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21
Q

The olfactory cell is a bipolar neuron that spans the entire thickness of the epithelium. The dendrite of the olfactory cell projects to the ___ surface of the olfactory cells and forms a knob-like structure called the ____.

A

apical

olfactory vesicle

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22
Q

The apical surface of the dentrite is covered with immotile cilia. The plasma membrane of the cilia contain _____ which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors.

A

olfactory receptors

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23
Q

___ molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors which generate an action potential that travels down the basal pole of the cells that continues as an axon.

A

odorant molecules

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24
Q

What is the most numerous cell type of the olfactory epithelium?

A

supporting or sustentacular cell

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25
Q

Tall columnar cells with rather apically placed nuclei. Apical surface covered with microvilli.

A

supporting or sustentacular cells

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26
Q

What do sustentacular cells do? What does it involve the production of?

A

provide mechanical and metabolical support for the olfactory cells
odorant-binding proteins

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27
Q

Olfactory neurons are among the very few neurons in our body that are actively ___.

A

replaced in the postnatal development

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28
Q

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium is thick and contains what?

A

Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands), unmyelinated axons, and venous sinuses

29
Q

Bowman’s glands are what type of glands? What do the short ducts do?

A

branched tubuloalveolar serous-secreting glands

short ducts deliver watery secretions to the surface of the epithelium

30
Q

Unmyelinated axons of the lamina prioria of the olfactory epithelium extend where?

A

toward teh cribiform plate to form the oflactory nerves

31
Q

Pharynx connects the ___ and ___ cavities to the larynx and esophagus. Nasopharyx is lined with ___ epithelium.

A

nasal and oral

resioratory (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

32
Q

Larynx forms the passageway for air between the ___ and ___.

A

pharynx and trachea

33
Q

The larynx is supported by several ___ and ___ cartilages. Most of the larynx is lined with ___ that changes to ____ in areas of high abrasion (e.g. epiglottis, vocal cords).

A

hyaline and elastic cartilages
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
stratified squamous

34
Q

Flexible air tube that connects larynx to the bornchi. 2.5 cm in diameter and 10 cm long. What are the layers?

A

trachea

-mucosa, submucosa, treacheal cartilages, trachealis muscle, and adventitia

35
Q

In smokers the ______ of the mucosa is thickened due to constant irritation.

A

basement membrane

36
Q

Cell types int eh epithelium of the trachea?

A

ciliated cell, goblet cell, brush cell, small granule cell, basal cell

37
Q

The fiber-rich _____ is well-developed in the trachea.

A

elastic lamina propria- the boundary between the mucosa and submucosa

38
Q

Composed of loose CT and seromucous glands

A

submucosa of trachea

39
Q

Submucosa is separted from adventitia by _____. C-shaped hyaline cartilages that are stacked on top of each other to form the skeleton of the trachea.

A

tracheal cartilages

40
Q

The free end of each c-shaped cartilage is connected by the ____ which is composed of smooth muscle fibers. This layer is ____ and only found along the ___ side of the trachea.

A

trachealis muscle
NOT continuous
posterior

41
Q

Most external layer and binds trachea to adjacent structures. Contains large blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

A

adventitia

42
Q

Deliver air from the trachea to the lungs.

A

bronchi

43
Q

Bronchi are characterized by the presence of ___ and ____.

A

cartilaginous plates and a continuous layer of smooth muscle

44
Q

Lamina propria of the bronchi contain ___ represented by diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid nodules.

A

BALT (bronchi-associated lympathic tissue)

45
Q

Muscularis of bronchi is a continuous layer of ____.

A

smooth muscle

46
Q

Submucosa of bronchi is composed of ____.

A

loose CT with glands and adipose tissue

47
Q

Discontinuous cartilaginous plates that descend all the way into the minor bronchi. When the plates disappear, the air tubule is designated as a ____.

A

bronchiole

48
Q

Adventitia of the bronchi is moderately _____ that is adjacent with ____ and ____.

A

dense CT
pulmonary artery
lung parenchyma

49
Q

What is missing in the walls of bronchioles?

A

NO cartilage or glands

50
Q

Bronchioles supply individual ____ which are separated from each other by a thin layer of CT that forms _____.

A

pulmonary lobules

pulmonary septa

51
Q

Larger bronchioles branch profusely to give rise to much smaller terminal bronchioles that continue into the ______ and end as ____.

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

52
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined with ____ epithelium and is formed by two types of cells: ___ and ____.

A

simple cuboidal

  • coboidal or low columnar cells with cilia
  • club cells (specialized secretory cells)
53
Q

Well-developed RER, SER, and Golgi apparatus. Numerous secretory vesicles are located in the apical portion of the cell. Vesicles contain lipoproteins and club cell proteins.

A

club cells

54
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are the first ones to perform ______.

A

gas exchange

they bring air to the alveoli

55
Q

The lining of respiratory bronchioles is formed by ciliated cuboidal cells with ____ of club cells. Compared tot he terminal bronchiole, the number of ciliated cells ____ distally while the number of club cells ____.

A

large number

ciliated cells decreases distally
club cells increases

56
Q

The canal where alveoli open into the bronchiole is called the ____.

A

alveolar duct

57
Q

Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli are called ____.

A

alveolar sacs

58
Q

Alveoli represent the MAJOR site of gas exchange. Presence of alveoli increases internal surface of the lung which is close to ___.

A

75 m^2

59
Q

The walls of the alveoli capillaries are ____ and lined with _____.

A

continuous and lined with very thin endothelial cells

60
Q

The air spaces of the alveolus are lined with two main types of cells:

A

type I pneumocyte and type II pneumocyte

61
Q

Flattened squamous cell. 95% of the surface of the alveolus is formed by this type. Joined to one amother and to other alveolar cells by occluding junctions. Not capable of mitosis. Basal laminae are fused with thsoe of endothelial cells of the tight capillaries. Endothelial cells and the fused basal laminae represent the air-blood barrier. Gas exchange occurs here. Occluding junctions do not allow passage of fluid into alveoli.

A

type I pneumocyte

62
Q

Rather large, rounded or cuboidal secretory cell. Cytoplasm contains numerous granules called multilamellar bodies, which contain surfactant. Granules with surfactant are released via exocytosis by type II pneumocytes and form a thin surface film which reduces surface tension inside alveoli and prevents collapse. Concentrated in the septal junctions. Capable of mitosis. Proliferate and replace damaged type I cells.

A

type II pneumocyte

63
Q

Administration of exogenous surfactant to premature infants at birth reduces the risk of ____.

A

RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)- collapsing of alveoli on each successive exhalation

64
Q

The interalveolar septum contains small _____. These equalize the air pressure and provide collateral air circulation if a bronchiole is obstructed.

A

alveolar pores

65
Q

What are derived from blood monocytes?

A

alveolar macrophages

66
Q

Mycobacertium tuberculosis cannot be digested by alveolar macrophages and therefore accumulate in these cells. Damage to these cells caused by another infection can trigger the release of Mycobacterium and cause ____

A

recurrent tuberculosis

67
Q

____ is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.

A

Lung cancer

68
Q

Non-small-cell carcinoma is the _____. Fast developing and usually metastasizing. Occurs in smokers and nonsmokers. Two most common types are ___ and ____.

A

most common lung cancer (75%)

squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

69
Q

Small-cell carcinomas are the most _____ and rapidly growing lung cancers. Highly malignant and constitute up to ____ of lung tumors. Strongly related to smoking. Metastasizes rapidly and is often discovered after it has spread extensively. Often called ____ carcinoma.

A

aggressive

20%

“oat cell”

Histology 3 (1 decks)

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