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SFII: Physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation (air inflow and outflow in the lungs)
  2. Gas exchange and transport
  3. Regulation of respiration
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2
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Lungs expand when inspiratory muscles and diaphragm contract. This expands the thoracic cavity, causes negative pressure an sucks the air in.

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3
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Passive process (except forced inspiration) during which thoracic cavity volume decreases, the pressure becomes positive and air comes out when inspiratory muscles and diaphragm relax.

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4
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Normal breathing.

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5
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Greater range of breathing motion.

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6
Q

What is polypnea?

A

Increased breathing frequency in a context of thermal regulation.

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7
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Increased breathing frequency (not related to thermal regulation).

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8
Q

What is apnea?

A

Respiratory arrest.

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9
Q

What kind of pressure there is in the lungs during rest and why?

A

Slightly negative to keep them from collapsing.

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10
Q

Pleural pressure during inspiration:

A

<760mmHg.

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11
Q

Pleural pressure during expiration:

A

> 760mmHg.

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12
Q

What is the compliance of lungs?

A

Curves of pulmonary pressure-relaxation. Lung compliance the extent to which lungs can expand.

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13
Q

Of what does the lung compliance depend on?

A
  1. Elasticity of the respiratory structures

2. Surface tension of the alveoli (due to the surfactant)

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14
Q

Tidal volume (V_t):

A

Amount of air expired or inspired during each breath.

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15
Q

IRV:

A

Inspiratory reserve volume = forced inspiration / amount of extra air that can be forced in after tidal volume.

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16
Q

ERV:

A

Expiratory reserve volume= forced expiration / amount of extra air that can be forced out after tidal volume.

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17
Q

RV:

A

Residual volume = amount of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration.

18
Q

IC:

A

Inspiratory capacity = amount of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration. V_t + IRV.

19
Q

FRC:

A

Functional residual capacity = amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration. ERV+RV.

20
Q

VC:

A

Vital capacity = maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inhalation. VC=V_t+IRV+ERV

21
Q

TC:

A

Total lung capacity = amount of air in lungs after a maximum inspiration. TLC=V_t+IRV+ERV+RV

22
Q

Pulmonary ventilation:

A

Amount of air moved into the lungs each minute. Vol/min = V_t (inhaled v.) X respiratory frequency.

23
Q

Alveolar ventilation:

A

Amount of air that reaches alvoli each minute. Alveolar volume/min = (V_t (inhaled v.) - dead space volume) X respiratory frequency.

24
Q

Why pulmonary and alveolar ventilation are not the same?

A

Because of “dead space”. Respiratory tract includes air also in areas that don’t partcipate in the gaseous exhange such as the trachea, pharynx and nasal cavity.

25
Q

How do gases move between blood and lungs and between tissue and blood?

A

By diffusing passively, depending on their pressure gradients.

26
Q

Henry’s law:

A

Gases diffuse from high to low pressure.

27
Q

What factors determine diffusion rate?

A
  1. Pressure differential
  2. Solubility of the gas in the fluid
  3. Temperature
28
Q

What are the transport mechanisms for O2 in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma (3ml of O2 per L of blood)

2. Bound to Hb (200 ml of O2 per L of blood)

29
Q

What are the transport mechanisms for CO2 in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma (10%)
  2. As carbaminohemoglobin attached to an amino acid in hemoglobin (20%)
  3. As bicarbonate ions in plasma (70%)
30
Q

What controls the contraction and relaxation of breathing muscles?

A

Motorneurons of cerebral cortex and motorneurons respiratory centre of the brain stem in pons and medulla oblongata.

31
Q

Which part of CNS is responsible for voluntary breathing?

A

Cerebral cortex.

32
Q

Which part of CNS is responsible for involuntary breathing?

A

Brain stem respiratory centre in pons and medulla oblongata.

33
Q

Breathing centre of the medulla oblongata is responsible for the?

A

Rhytmicity.

34
Q

DRG:

A

Dorsal respiratory group in medulla oblongata, the inspiratory centre.

  • sets the basic respiratory rate
  • stimulates the inspiratory muscles (diaphgram) to contract
35
Q

VRG:

A

Ventral respiratory group in medulla oblongata, the expiratory centre (for during exercise).

  • inactive during normal(quiet) respiration
  • when the ventilation increases DRG signals VRG to activate
  • stimulates both inspiratory and expiratory muscles
36
Q

Breathing centre in pons:

A

Accessory respiratory regions which modify rhytmicity centre activity.

37
Q

Apneustic centre:

A

Accessory respiratory region in pons, which promotes inspiration.
-sends impulses to DRG to delay “swich off” signals from pneumotaxic centre thus prolonging inspiration

38
Q

Pneumotaxic centre:

A

Accessory respiratory region in pons, which inhibits inspiration.

  • continual inhibitory signals to DRG to “swich off” inspiration and avoid excessive pulmonary filling
  • inhibits inspiration and consequently increases the rate of respiration
39
Q

Which factors affect the respiratory centre?

A

+/-Higher centres of brain (from emotions to voluntary activities etc)
+Medullary pH down and CO2 up chemoreceptors
+Carotid and aortic body O2 down chemoreceptors
-Herling Breurer reflex = strech receptors in lungs
+proprioreceptors in muscles and joints
+touch, pain and temperature receptors in skin

40
Q

What are the effects of blood PCO2 and pH on ventilation?

A

Hypoventilation -> too much CO2

Hyperventilation -> too little CO2

SFII: Physiology (7 decks)

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