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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- Purpose

A

move air into & out of the lungs

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2
Q

Divisions

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Also included are the pleural membranes, diaphragm & intercostal muscles
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3
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • separated by the nasal septum
  • nasal mucosa is ciliated epithelium
  • the surface area is increased by the conchae

-warms & moistens the air
dust & microorganisms are trapped by the mucus

-swept by the cilia to the pharnyx

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4
Q

Nose

A
  • made of bone & cartilage
  • covered with skin
  • hair inside the nostrils block the entry of dust
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5
Q

Olefactory

A
  • chemoreceptors

- respond to vapors

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6
Q

Paranasal

A
  • (4) sinuses
  • open into the nasal cavities
  • lighten the skull & add resonance for the voice
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7
Q

Nasopharnyx

A
  • superior to the soft palate
  • a passageway for air only
  • eustachen tubes open into it
  • adenoid (lymph nodule) on the posterior wall
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8
Q

Oropharnyx

A
  • behind the mouth
  • passageway for food & air
  • palatyne tonsils (lymph nodules) on the lateral walls
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9
Q

Laryngopharnyx

A
  • opens anteriorly into the larynx & posteriorly to the esophagus
  • passageway for food & air
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10
Q

LARYNX

A
  • The voice box & the airway between the pharnyx & the trachea
  • made of cartilage (9), thyroid cartilage is the largest & most anterior
  • Vocal cords
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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

is the uppermost cartilage; covers the larynx during swallowing

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12
Q

Vocal cords

A
  • lateral to the glottis(opening for air)
  • during speaking , pulled across the glottis & vibrated by the exhaled air, producing sound
  • the cranial nerves responsible are vagus & accessory
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13
Q

TRACHEA

A
  • Extends from the larnyx to the primary bronchi
  • 16 – 20 “C” shaped cartilages on the trachea wall to keep it open
  • Mucosa is ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • cilia sweep the mucus upward to the pharnyx
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14
Q

BRONCHIAL TREE

A
  • Extends from the trachea to the alveoli
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi go to the lobes of each lung
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15
Q

Primary bronchi

A

(Rt & Lt) are branches of the trachea

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16
Q

Secondary bronchi

A
  • Left lung has 2 lobes

- Right lung has 3 lobes

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17
Q

Bronchioles have no _____ in their walls

A

cartilage

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18
Q

ALVEOLI

A

the sites of gas exchange in the lungs

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19
Q

the alveoli is ___ tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

the alveoli is surrounded by ____

A

pulmonary capillaries

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21
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

between alveoli (important for expiration)

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22
Q

A thin layer of tissue fluid in each alveolus is important for

A

diffusion of gases

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23
Q

Cell function in alveolus

A

produce surfactant that mixes with the tissue fluid decreases surface tension & allows the alveoli to inflate

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24
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign material

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25
Q

The lungs are __ to the heart

A

lateral

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26
Q

the lungs __ from clavicle to the ___

A

extend, diaphragm

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27
Q

the lungs are protected by the

A

ribs

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28
Q

Hilus

A

an indentation on the medial side

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29
Q

Left lung has ___ lobes

A

two

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30
Q

Right lung has ___ lobes

A

three

31
Q

PLEURAL MEMBRANES

A
  • Parietal pleura

- Visceral pleura

32
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines the chest wall

33
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs

34
Q

MECHANISM of BREATHING

A
  • Ventilation
  • Two aspects – inhalation & expiration
  • Controlled by the nervous system & muscular system
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Intrapleural pressure
  • Intrapulmonic pressure
35
Q

where in the nervous sys is breathing controlled

A

medulla

pons

36
Q

where in the muscular sys is breathing controlled

A

diaphragm

intercostal muscles

37
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A
  • air pressure at sea level

- 760mm Hg at sea level

38
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

within the potential pleural space; below atmospheric (negative pressure)

39
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure

A

pressure within the bronchial tree & alveoli

40
Q

INHALATION (inspiration)

A
  • Motor impulses from the medulla
  • Impulses sent along intercostal nerves
  • Chest cavity is expanded
  • Visceral pleural adheres to the parietal pleura
  • Intrapulmonic pressure decreases
41
Q

Motor impulses from the medulla pathway

A
  • along phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

- diaphragm contracts & moves down;

42
Q

Chest cavity is expanded & expands

A

parietal pleura

43
Q

Visceral pleural adheres to the parietal pleura & expands

A

lungs

44
Q

When Intrapulmonic pressure decreases air rushes

A

into the lungs

45
Q

EXHALATION (expiration)

A
  • Motor impulses from the medulla decrease
  • The chest cavity becomes smaller
  • The lungs recoil
  • Intrapulmonic pressure increases
  • Normal exhalation is passive
46
Q

Motor impulses from the medulla decrease causing

A

the diaphragm & intercostal muscles to relax

47
Q

The chest cavity becomes smaller and compresses the

A

lungs

48
Q

The lungs recoil & further compress

A

the alveoli

49
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure increases causing

A

air to be forced out of lungs

50
Q

DEFINE PULMONARY VOLUMES

A

-The capacity of the lungs varies with the size & age of the person

51
Q

PULMONARY VOLUMES TYPES

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Minute respiratory volume
  • Inspiratory reserve
  • Expiratory reserve
  • Vital capacity
  • Residual air
52
Q

Tidal volume

A

the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation & exhalation

53
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

the amount of air inhaled & exhaled in 1 minute

54
Q

Inspiratory reserve

A

the amount of air beyond tidal volume that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation

55
Q

Expiratory reserve

A

the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation

56
Q

Vital capacity

A

the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve

57
Q

Residual air

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation (ensures that there is air in the lungs at all times)

58
Q

Respiratory centres are in the

A

medulla & pons

59
Q

The inspiration centre generates

A

(automatically)

impulses in rhythmic spurts; result inspiration

60
Q

As the lungs stretch (fill) impulses

A

depress the inspiration centre (Hering-Breuer inflation reflex)

61
Q

As the inspiration centre is depressed there is a

A

decrease in impulses to the respiratory muscles & they relax; result expiration

62
Q

Reflexes

A

coughing; sneezing; hiccups

63
Q

What response increases respiration

A

Decreased O2 detected by the chemoreceptors in the carotid & aortic body;

64
Q

what causes increased respiration to exhale CO2

A

Increased blood CO2 detected by the chemoreceptors in the medulla

65
Q

CO2 is the major regulator of

A

Respiration

66
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

occurs when the rate or efficiency of respiration decreases

-permitting CO2 to accumulate in body fluids

67
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs when the rate of respiration increases & CO2 is very rapidly exhaled

68
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

a change in pH stimulates a change in respiration

69
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

-a condition in which the blood pH is higher than normal

70
Q

What causes Metabolic alkalosis

A

by a disorder that decreases the number of acidic molecules or increases the number of alkaline molecules

71
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

– a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal

72
Q

What causes Metabolic acidosis

A

by a disorder that increases the % of acidic molecules in the body, (diabetes, kidney disease)

73
Q

AFFECTS OF AGING

A
  • Respiratory function will diminish but remains adequate
  • Respiratory muscles weaken
  • Decreased ventilation & lung capacity
  • Cilia deteriorate
  • Alveolar macrophages are not as efficient as they once were
  • Chronic alveolar hypoxia may lead to pulmonary hypertension
74
Q

Bellow Breathing Exercise

A
  • Lungs become stronger
  • Brain gets more oxygen
  • Improved energy throughout day
  • Used during times of fatigue
  • Recreates the adrenal stimulation that occurs with stress and results in the release of energizing chemicals such as epinephrine

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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