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Histology > Respiratory System (B2: W6) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (B2: W6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provides conduit to transfer air
  • Conditions the air: cleans, moistens, warms
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2
Q

What structures make up the respiratory system?

A

Combination of

  • Cartilage
  • Elastic fibers
  • Collagen fibers
  • Smooth muscle
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3
Q

What portion of the entire respiratory system is the conducting system, and what are its parameters?

A

7/8 of entire respiratory system

  • Begins in the mouth
  • Continues until terminal bronchioles (last portion)
  • Respiratory bronchioles are the first portion of the respiratory system
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4
Q

In which layer of the bronchioles are the elastic fibers found in?

A

Lamina propria

  • Run longitudinally
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5
Q

What is the relationship of the elastic fibers to the diameter of the airway?

A

Elastic fibers are inversely proportional to the diameter of the respiratory system

  • Increase in elastic fibers as diameter gets smaller
  • Elastic fibers are opening component - opposite of smooth muscle
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6
Q

Is smooth muscle in the conducting system circular or longitudinal?

A

Circular

  • Constricting component
  • Opposite of elastic fibers
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7
Q

What are the 6 cell types of respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cells
  2. Columnar cell
  3. Mucous goblet cells
  4. Brush cell
  5. Diffuse endocrine or small granule cells
  6. Basal cells or immature cells
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8
Q

What does it mean to say that the respiratory system is a blind-ended system?

A

The entrance and exit are the same

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9
Q

How much of the respiratory system is covered by ciliated columnar cells?

A

Continues until the respiratory portion (whole conducting portion)

  • Cilia beat towards the mouth
  • Most predominant cell in the respiratory system
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10
Q

What is the defining feature of columnar cells?

A

Serous secretion

  • Does not contain cilia
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11
Q

What is the purpose of a mucous goblet cell, and how far do they continue?

A
  • Synthesize mucinogen
    • Hydrated mucinogen turns to mucous
    • Different type of mucinogen than in digestive system
  • Trap and remove bacteria particles
  • Continues until terminal bronchiole
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12
Q

Describe the two types of brush cell

A
  • No cilia; many microvilli
  • Two kinds
    1. One acts like a goblet cell releasing mucinogen
    2. Other kind has nerve endings on basal surface - involved in sneeze reflex
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13
Q

What is the purpose of diffuse endocrine/small granule cells?

A
  • Thought to controlmucous and seromucous secretion
  • Control vessel diameter
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14
Q

Describe basal cells/immature cells

A
  • Rest on basement membrane
    • Don’t reach lumne
    • Pseudostratified
  • Appear to be stem cell
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15
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Abnormal transformation of adul cells in a tissue to a form which is not normal for that tissue

  • Can be in response to a disease process, a physical, or chemical event
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16
Q

What is an example of metaplasia in smokers?

A

Smokers lung

  • Cilia is lost due to carbon monoxide
  • Smokers respiratory epithelium shows an increase in goblet cells due to pollutants
    • Mucinogen cranked out in response to the pollutant
    • Can’t move the mucous without cilia → smokers cough
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17
Q

What guards the nose/entrance to the nasal cavity by keeping bugs out?

A

Vibrissae

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18
Q

What type of cells cover the conchae and what is their function?

A
  • Covered by nasal mucosa
    • Make mucous
    • Filter, warm, and humidify air
  • Superior has an area with olfactory epithelum
    • Connected to CNI and allows us to smell
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19
Q

Where are plasma cells located in the nasal cavity and what is their function?

A

Located in the lamina propria of the rich nasal mucosa

  • Rich underlying lymphatic tisue
  • Release IgA and IgE in response to things in the air
    • IgE binds to IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils
    • Causes the release of inflammation mediators of the mast cell and basophil
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20
Q

Where can drainage from the maxillary sinus infections be seen?

A

Below the middle concha

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21
Q

Why is the nasal mucosa a good site for drug delivery?

A

Convenient access to a superficial venous plexus beneath the nasal cavity mucosa

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22
Q

What are sweel bodies and what are their implications in a cold?

A

Venous plexus in lamina propria that enlarge alternately on two sides of nasal cavity

  • About every 30 min
  • Gives mucosa on occluded side time to recover from desiccation and help to direct air to the olfactory epithelium
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23
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

On the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of olfatory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory cell
  2. Sustentacular cells
  3. Basal cell
  4. Brush cell
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25
Q

Are there any goblet cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

No

  • Goblet cells are in the respiratory epithelium
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26
Q

How can you identify the types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Lots of nuclei - can identify them by nuclear position

  • Olfacotry cell - nuclei halfway between apical surface and basilar surface
  • Sustentacular cell - nuclei at apical surface
  • Basal cell - nuclei at basal surface
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27
Q

What type of neuron do olfactory cells have?

A

Bipolar neurons

  • Apical surfaces are modified to form the olfactory vesicle and olfactory cilia
  • Dendrite terminates as bulbous olfactory vesicle 6-20 NONMOTILE cilia
  • These are the only neurons that divide
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28
Q

What is the purpose of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium?

A

Supportive cells

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29
Q

What is the stem cell for all olfactory epithelium?

A

Basal cell

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30
Q

What is spatio-temporal patterning?

A

Smells connected to memories

  • Close to the frontal cortex
  • Higher level of cortical function
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31
Q

What nerve gives olfactory epithelium direct access to the CNS?

A

CN I

  • Drug companies want to use this to deliver drugs to the CNS
  • Can avoid the brain-CSF barrier
32
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands located, and what do they do?

A
  • Located in the lamina propria
  • Synthesis of an oderant binding protein
    • Helps smells to dissolve
  • Serous secretion important in dissolving odors and cleans the surface
    • Sero-mucous or serous glands
    • Act as a windshield iper to wash away smells
33
Q

What are the 5 paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Maxillary sinus - red
  2. Frontal sinus - checkered
  3. Anterior ethmoid - green
  4. Posterior ethmoid - purple
  5. Sphenoid sinus - yellow
34
Q

Which paranasal sinus is the most dangerous?

A

Sphenoid

  • 2 mm of skull separate nasal mucosa from CNS
  • Any infection can chew through bone and cause problems
35
Q

What connects the trachea with pharynx?

A

Larynx

  • From nasal cavity, we go through the pharynx
    • Shared by both respiratory and digestive systems
  • Next is larynx
  • Two parts to larynx
    • Supraglottis
    • Subglottis
36
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Responsible for phonation (producing sounds) via the vocal cords
  • Prevents entry of food and fluids into the respiratory system
37
Q

What are the two sides of the epiglottis and what types of epithelium cover them?

A
  • Lingual/oral surface: stratified squamous epithelium
  • Pharyngeal surface: respiratory epithelium
38
Q

How does the epiglottis cover the glottis?

A

During swallowing, the backward motion of tongue forces epiglottis over the laryngeal opening closing the larynx and directing food into the esophagus

39
Q

Compare and contrast the false and true vocal cords

A
  • False vocal cords
    • Upper pair of folds
    • Covered with respiratory epithelium
    • Contain glands and no muscle
  • True vocal cords
    • Covered with stratifed squamous epithelium - due to air movement
    • No glands
    • Vocalis muscle (skeletal) and vocal ligament (elastic fibers)
40
Q

What separates the false and true vocal cords?

A

Larynceal ventricle

  • Dark, wet, warm
  • Good place for bacteria to hide
  • Cause inflammation and affect false and true vocal cords
41
Q

What is Reinke’s edema?

A
  • People who speak a lot can get edema uder stratified squamous epithelium
    • In Reinke’s space
  • Rest is the only treatment
42
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium
    1. Thick basement membrane
  2. Lamina propria
    1. Collagen and elastic fibers with well defined elastic lamina
  3. Submucosa
    1. Seromucous glands that can extend into the lamina propria
  4. Adventitia
    1. C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings closed off posteriorly by trachealis muscle
    2. Perichondrium fuses with submucosa and adventitia
43
Q

What are the types of epithelia lining the trachea?

A
  1. Columnar ciliated cell (30%)
  2. Goblet cell (30%)
    1. Mucous secretion by exocytosis provides a protective mucous blanket
  3. Basal cell (30%)
  4. Endocrine cell (8%)
    1. Cells with small granules that are a part of the diffuse endocrine system
44
Q

Why do we have the trachealis muscle?

A
  • So a bolus of food can go down in esophagus
  • Allows for constriction to increase air velocity
    • Can push obstructions out
45
Q

What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Outside of the lung

  • More rigid, complete cartilaginous plates
    • Cartilaginous rings become irregular
  • Right trifurcates
  • Left bifurcates
  • Smooth muscle spirals between submucosa and cartilage
46
Q

What are the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Inside the lung

  • Secondary (lobar) bronchi - go to lobes
    • 3 on the R
    • 2 on the L
  • Tertiary (segmental) bronchi - go to the bronchopulmonary segments
    • 10 on the R
    • 8 on the L
47
Q

What are the layers of the bronchi?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis mucosae
  3. Submucosa
  4. Hyaline cartilage layer
  5. Adventitia
48
Q

Describe the muscularis of the bronchi

A

Spiral smooth muscle

  • Allows patency so we can open and close
49
Q

Where do the seromucous glands of the bronchi lie?

A

Submucosa

  • Between cartilage plates and smooth muscle
  • Extend into the lamina propria
50
Q

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the bronchi?

A

Typical respiratory epithelium

  • Lamina propria (and submucosa) - rich in elastic fibers
51
Q

What changes happen as the bronchioles transition from terminal bronchioles (collecting) to respiratory bronchioles (respiratory)?

A
  • Seromucous glands are lost
    • Do not want mucous in the respiratory system
  • No more cartilage
  • 1 mm or less
  • Ciliated columnar with goblet cells transitions to ciliated columnar/cuboidal with clara cells
52
Q

What are the special features of clara cells?

A
  • Short microvilli; no cilia
  • Secrete glycoprotein that protects the mucosa
  • Degrade airborn toxins by sER p450 cytochromes
  • Divide to regenerate the bronchiole epithethelium
    • Stem cells for bronchiole epithelium
53
Q

Describe the lamina propria of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Predominantly smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • No cartilage or seromuclous glands
54
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for bronchial constriction and for dilation?

A
  • Parasympathetic - bronchial constriction
  • Sympathetic - bronchial dilation
55
Q

What happens in an exacerbation of asthma, and what causes it?

A
  • Widespread constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causing decrease in diameter
  • Different causes, often associated with allergic reactions
  • Wheezing, difficulty excpelling air from lungs
  • Most common chronic illness in children
  • 5,000 deaths annually from asthma in U.S.
56
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple ciliated cuboidal with clara cells

57
Q

What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiole
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
58
Q

What are the two layers of the respiratory bronchioles?

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Lamina propria
    1. Very thin smooth muscle and elastic fibers at alveolar openings
59
Q

Describe the epithelium and lamina propria of the alveolar ducts

A
  • Line by squamous epithelium, primarily type I pneumocytes
  • Smooth muscle and lots of elastic fibers in lamina propria
60
Q

What percent of our alveoli develops after birth?

A

85% of alveoli develop ater birth until the age of 10

61
Q

Describe the two types of epithelium lining the interalveolar septum

A
  • Type I pneumocyte
    • Simple squamous epithelium
    • Very attenuated
    • Exchange of gases
    • 95% of the alveolar surface
    • Cannot regenerate
  • Type II pneumocyte
    • Cuboidal
    • 5% of the alveolar surface
    • Can regenerate entire surface
    • Produce surfactant
      • Stored in lamellar bodies
62
Q

What does surfactant do for the alveoli?

A

Allows lungs to open by decreasing surface tension

63
Q

When is surfactant present in developing fetuses?

A

Present at 26-28 weeks in amniotic fluid

  • Premature infants lack sufficient surfactant - alveoli collapse
  • Give mom glucocorticoids to induce synthesis of surfactant by baby
64
Q

What lies between type I and type II pneumocytes?

A

Occluding junctions

65
Q

What is the interalveolar septum?

A

Space between two capillaries on an alveolus

66
Q

What 4 layers does O2 have to go through from inside of alveolar lumen to capillaries?

A
  • Surfactant
  • Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
  • Fused layer of basal lamina of type I pneumocyte with endothelial cell
  • Capillary endothelium cytoplasm
67
Q

Describe the thin portion of the interalveolar septum

A
  • Exchange of gases occurs here
  • Forms blood-gas barrier (4 parts)
    • Surfactant layer
    • Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
    • Fused basal lamina between type I and capillary endothelium
    • Cytoplasm of capillary endothelium
68
Q

What type of capillaries participate in gas exchange?

A

Continuous capillaries

  • Sealed
  • No leaking of blood out or air in
69
Q

Describe the thick portion of the interalveolar septum

A
  • Also has continuous capillaries
  • Elastic, collagen, reticular fibers
  • Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
  • Interalveolar septum is responsible for removing fluid from essentially a closed space through a wicking action
70
Q

How does lymphatic drainage occur in the alveoli?

A
  • There are no lymphatics from about the alveolar air sacs distally
  • Thick portion of interalveolar septum draws the fluid from the alveolar space
  • Fluid diffuses proximally in the interstitium until about the level of the respiratory bronchioles
  • Lymphatics then follow bronchial tree
71
Q

What two types of macrophage cells (dust cells) are present in the interalveolar septum?

A
  • Fixed: associated with the alveolar wall
  • Free: macrophages that roam free

We get a lot of gunk in the alveoli, so macrophages phagocitize the stuff

If blood gets in the space, macrophages can digest that - sign of congestive heart failure; stain positive for Fe (hemosiderin) in the RBCs

72
Q

What are the pores of Kohn, and what doe they do?

A

Alveolar pores

  • Equilibrate the pressure from one alveolus to the next
  • Allow passage of roaming macrophages
  • Allows collateral ventilation in case of bronchiole obstruction
  • Develop at 3-4 years of age
73
Q

What produces elastase?

A

Macrophages

74
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery travel in the lung?

A
  • Enters lung with main bronchus
  • Branches and follows bronchial tree
  • Terminates at respiratory bronchiole
    • Gives rise to alveolar capillary plexus
75
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein travel in the lung?

A
  • Arises from venules draining the alveolar capillary plexuses
  • Travels in the connective tissue septa
  • Transports oxygenated blood back to the heart
76
Q

Where doe bronchial arteries travel in the lung?

A

Follow the course of the bronchial tree

  • Branches off of the thoracic aorta
  • Follow bronchial tree to the level of respiratory broncholes
  • Anastomose with branches of pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein plexuses

Histology (5 decks)

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