Respiratory System -- How breathing works...

Question 1

What is the medical term for hiccups?

Answer 1

Singultus

Question 2

There are 3 facets of the Respiratory System…What are they?

Answer 2

Ventilation
Gas Exchange–lungs to blood; blood to cells
Mitochondrial Respiration–O2 Utilization and CO2 production in cells

Question 3

Define
External Respiration
Internal Respiration (goes by a second name)

Answer 3

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and body tissues.

(CELLULAR RESPIRATION) Use of O2 in MITOCHONDRIA to generate ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) and production of CO2 as waste.

Question 4

What are the 4 processes of External Respiration?

Answer 4

1. PULMONARY VENTILATION, the movement of air by inspiration and expiration by bulk flow.
2. EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between lung air spaces and blood by diffusion.
3. TRANSPORTATION of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and body tissues by the blood.
4. EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues by diffusion.

Question 5

Name the 10 structures of the respiratory tract beginning with the Larynx. Largest to smallest. 5/10 = 2. 7/10 = 3. 8/10=4. 10/10 = 5

Which are in the Conduction zone?
Which are in the Respiratory zone?

Answer 5

1. Larynx
2. Trachea
3. Primary Bronchi
4. Secondary Bronchi
5. Tertiary Bronchi
6. Smaller Bronchi
7. Bronchioles
8. Terminal Bronchioles
9. Respiratory Bronchioles
10. Alveolar Sacs

Question 6

What are the 3 structures of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 6

Lungs
Chest Wall
Intrapleural space

Question 7

Name and define the 3 structures of the Chest Wall.

Answer 7

1. Bone; rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
2. Ventilatory muscles; internal and external intercostals, diaphragm.
3. Muscles and connective tissues of the neck.

Question 8

Describe the 3 components of the Pleural Sac.

Answer 8

Visceral Pleura-membrane attached to the lung
Parietal Pleura-membrane attached to the chest
Intrapleural Space-compartment between the two sacs filled with 15 mL of intrapleural fluid.

Question 9

What do elastic forces of the lung and chest wall do?

Answer 9

Elastic forces work to…
Collapse the lung (elasticity of the lung)
Expand the chest wall (elasticity of the chest wall)

Question 10

What is FRC?

Answer 10

Functional Residual Capacity–air left in lungs after normal expiration.

Question 11

What is the Elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall? Inversely what is the force, due to negative intrapleural pressure, inside the pleural sac? at FRC

Answer 11

4 mmHg lung and wall

-4 mmHg pleural sac

Question 12

What is the air pressure internally and externally at sea level at FRC?

Answer 12

760 mmHg

or 0 mmHg

Question 13

What are negative and positive pressure?

Answer 13

• P is a sucking force

+P is a pushing force

Question 14

What is a Pneumothorax?

Answer 14

hole in the parietal pleura leading to collapsed lung caused by either a puncture wound or disease. The chest wall expands out, and the lung contracts in.

Question 15

What are the 4 Pulmonary Pressures?
What are their symbol?
What are their values at FRC?

Answer 15

Patm Atmospheres Pressure 760 mmHg.
Palv Alveolar Pressure 760 = 0 mmHg
Pip Intrapleural Pressure -4 mmHg
Ptp Transpulmonary Pressure varies. Ptp = Palv - Pip

Question 16

How does Boyle’s law apply to lungs and breathing in a general sense?

Answer 16

An increase in lung volume creates lower Pressure. Air comes in the lungs to equal the outside at the new inside volume.
To breath out, the chest wall decreases interpleural space which decreases transpulmonary pressure. Alveolar pressure will be greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question 17

What is the Drive Force for Ventilation?
What is its equation?
What is constant?
How does the variable change?

Answer 17

DF = The pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

DF = Patm - Palv

Atmospheric Pressure is constant

Alveolar Pressure changes by changing alveolar volume.

Question 18

Name the 10 steps of inspiration and where they occur.

Answer 18

MOTOR NEURONS
Increase neural input

INSPIRATORY MUSCLES
Contract

CHEST WALL
Expands

INTRAPLEURAL SPACE
Increase Intrapleural Volume, which
Decreases Intrapleural Pressure, which
Increases Transpulmonary Pressure

ALVEOLI
Volume Increases, which
Decreases Alveolar Pressure, which
Increases DF (Patm - Palv), which
Increases the flow of air into the alveoli, which
Increases the Palv till equilibrium is achieved.

Question 19

Name the 10 steps of expiration and where they occur.

Answer 19

MOTOR NEURONS
Decrease Neural Input

INSPIRATORY MUSCLES
Relax

CHEST WALL
Contracts

INTRAPLEURAL SPACE
Decreases Interpleural Volume, which
Increases Pip, which
Decreases Transpulmonary Pressure

ALVEOLI
Decrease in volume, which
Increases Palv, which
Reverses DF (Patm - Palv), which
Pushes the air out of the alveoli, which
Decreases Palv until equilibrium is achieved.