RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PATHO

Question 1

what does V/Q ratio measures

Answer 1

V/Q measures the efficiency and adequacy of these two process

Question 2

what does V/Q mismatch mean

Answer 2

V/Q mismatch means the amount of ventilation is not equal to the amount of perfusion

Question 3

name 2 raspatory disease caused by genetic factors

Answer 3

cystic fibrosis
asthma

Question 4

name 4 resp disease caused by smoking

Answer 4

lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, susceptible to infection

Question 5

name 2 resp disease cause by air pollution

Answer 5

chronic bronchitis, susceptible to infection

Question 6

name 4 resp diseases caused by occupation

Answer 6

pneumoconiosis- coal miners lungs
asbestosis
mesothelioma
lung cancer

Question 7

name 4 resp diseases caused by infection

Answer 7

influenza
measles
pneumonia
tuberculosis

Question 8

what is cystic fibrosis

Answer 8

when the airway has thick ,sticky mucous blocks the airway.
widened airway blood in mucous
bacterial infection

Question 9

many abnormality’s may predispose to respiratory infections, name these in relation to:
1.loss of cough reflex
2.ciliary defects
3.mucous disorders
4.immunosuppression
5.pulmonary oedema

Answer 9

1.loss of cough reflex- coma, enaesthesia, neuromuscular disorders, surgery, stroke
2.ciliary defects- loss of cilia in smoking, tumors
3.mucous disorders- cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis
4.immunosuppression- HIV, loss of B/T lymphocytes
5.pulmonary oedema- flooding of alveoli due to heart failure

Question 10

what is bronchitis, and where does it effect

Answer 10

bronchitis is an inflammation of the airway in the lungs caused by an infection
it effects the trachea, larynx, lungs

Question 11

what are the symptoms of bronchitis

Answer 11

cough, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, excessive production of sputum

Question 12

what is a common exacerbation of acute bronchitis

Answer 12

COPD cause a sudden deiteriation in pulmonary function with cough and purulent sputum

Question 13

1.what is bronchopneumonia
2.traget audience
3. characteristics
4. risk

Answer 13

1.bronchonumonia is when the inflamed bronchioles and bronchi spreads to the alveoli.
2. old age, infants, patients with cancer, heart failure ,stroke
3. identified by crackles on auscultation
4.paitents become septicemic

Question 14

what is pneumonia

Answer 14

pneumonia is alveolar inflammation, polymorphs and later lymphocytes and macrophages appear in great numbers in bloodstream.
usually due to infection affecting distal airways with formation of inflammation exudate
streptococcus aureus

Question 15

causes of pneumonia

Answer 15

bacteria, viruses, fungi, pericytes

Question 16

symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 16

runny nose, fatigue and muscle aches, productive cough, sore throat, sweats and chills, grey/blueish chills, chest pain

Question 17

1.what is tuberculosis
2.who has a high risk of falling ill

Answer 17

1.TB is caused by bacteria and often affects the lungs. it is spread through the air
2. immunocompromised patients, malnutrition, diabetes, smokers

Question 18

symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 18

blood cough, fever, chest pain, chills, long term cough, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats

Question 19

what is pulmonary embolism

Answer 19

PE is a condition where one or more emboli is clogged by a blood clot usually arising from a blood clot in the veins. most common cause is from DVT in the lower limbs

Question 20

what is a major risk factors for pulmonary embolism

Answer 20

current/previous DVT or PE
active cancer, recent surgery, lower limb trauma, pregnancy, the pill, obesity, 60+ years, immobility

Question 21

what is COPD

Answer 21

irreverable, progressive and debilitating airflow obstruction and progressive raspatory symptoms

Question 22

symptoms of COPD

Answer 22

aged 35+, exertional breathlessness, chronic/recurrent cough, regular sputum production

Question 23

COPD pathophysiology

Answer 23

chronic inflammation ,exudate and swelling causes damage to connective tissue that support the structure of alveoli of lungs.
airways and alveoli lose elasticity, walls are destroyed
severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to resp failure

Question 24

what is chronic bronchitis

Answer 24

mucous hypersecretion with bronchial mucous gland hypertrophy

Question 25

chronic bronchitis will eventually cause

Answer 25

right heat failure (corpulmonale)

Question 26

what is emphysema

Answer 26

enlargement and dilation of aveolar airspaces with destruction of elastin in their walls, resulting in the inability to have gaseous exchange, associated with chronic bronchitis

Question 27

emphysema causes

Answer 27

progressive dyspnoea, weight loss and right heart failure, cough and sputum, recurrent infections with dyspnoea and purulent sputum

Question 28

asthma characteristics

Answer 28

acute airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchiole oedema, mucous production this causes airway narrowing

Question 29

what causes asthma and
what exacerbates asthma

Answer 29

genetics, environmental factors
exercise, occupational exposure, drug induced, weather changes, viral resp infections