respiratory system pt. 2

Question 1

what happens to the air pressure and volume during inhalation?

Answer 1

air pressure lowers, volume of air space in lungs increase

Question 2

what happens to the air pressure and volume during exhalation?

Answer 2

air pressure is higher, volume of air space in lungs decrease

Question 3

what muscles are involved in inhalation & exhalation?

Answer 3

costal muscles, diaphragm, abdominal muscles

Question 4

what is the definition of tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 4

volume at resting

Question 5

what is the definition of inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 5

volume of force increased inhalation

Question 6

what is the definition of expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 6

volume of air forced during a forced exhalation

Question 7

what is the definition of vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 7

volume of air that includes IRV+TV+ERV

Question 8

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 8

air pressure inside lungs

Question 9

how does the intrapleural pressure compare to intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 9

intrapleural pressure is always more negative (or lower) than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 10

what is a pneumothorax?

Answer 10

a collapsed lung

Question 11

why does the lung collapse when the intrapleural cavity is exposed to the atmospheric air pressure?

Answer 11

causes intrapleural pressure to become equal to intrapulmonary pressure, as a result the lungs collapse

Question 12

define partial pressure

Answer 12

individual gases and their contribution to overall gases’ pressure

Question 13

what is the pO2 and pCO2 in oxygenated blood?

Answer 13

pO2 = 100mmHg

PCO2 = 40mmHg

Question 14

what is the pO2 and pCO2 in deoxygenated blood?

Answer 14

pO2 = 40mmHg

pCO2 = 45mmHg

Question 15

what are the feedback loop steps when either CO2 is too high or O2 is too low?

Answer 15

example:

1. high arterial Pco2
2. high Pco2 decreases pH in brain ECF
3. chemoreceptors sense change and send signals to respiratory center
4. respiratory muscles = effectors
5. increase ventilation
6. arterial Pco2 and pH return to normal

Question 16

what structures make up the vocal structures?

Answer 16

• larynx
• epiglottis (superior)
• vestibular fold
• thyroid cartilage (anterior)
• vocal fold
• cricoid cartilage (inferior)
• thyroid gland

Question 17

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 17

passageway for air

Question 18

what is the epiglottis (superior)?

Answer 18

portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing; opening to larynx

Question 19

what is the thyroid cartilage (anterior)?

Answer 19

largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx; consists of the laryngeal prominence

Question 20

what is the vestibular fold?

Answer 20

one of a pair of folded sections of mucous membrane

Question 21

what is a vocal cord?

Answer 21

one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges

Question 22

what is a cricoid cartilage (inferior)?

Answer 22

forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region