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Respiratory System > Respiratory System & urinary ;/ > Flashcards

Respiratory System & urinary ;/ Flashcards

1
Q

Lab order the lower respiratory system

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. lungs
  4. bronchi
  5. bronchioles
  6. alveoli
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2
Q

Primary Respiratory system functions (2)

A
  1. supply oxygen to cells
  2. eliminate 02

air-
21% is oxygen
78% nitrogen

16% breathed out

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3
Q

Histology of air flow

A

External nares (non kert stratified squamous & olfactory mucous membrane)

CPCE (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium also has some goblet.

can be found on nasla conchae, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea

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4
Q

Larynx contains these cartilages

A

thyroid, cricoid(360 below thyroid),

arytenoid
&
corniculate

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5
Q

Bronchioles (histology)

A

no cartilage, walls contain smooth muscle. inside lining is CPCE

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6
Q

Respiratory bronchioles (histology)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium. nonciliated- so debris particles at this level of respiratory system are removed by macrophages.

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7
Q

Alveolar Ducts & sacs (histology)

A

Simple squamous epithelia cells (SSEC)

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8
Q

Loop of henle does what?

A

reabsorbs 15% water, 30% filtered K+, 20%na, 35% cl-

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9
Q

99% of glomerular filtrate is what?

A

water, glucose, amino acids, ca, na, k, cl

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10
Q

Functions of tubular secretion

A
  1. rids body of drugs or wastes
  2. controls ph by secreting H+ or decreasing HC03.

**H+ might combine with nh3 to make nh4

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11
Q

Venules

A

deoxygenated

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12
Q

Nephrons

A

aka glomerular capillaries (inbetween AA & EA)

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13
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

80% short cortical

20% juxtamedullary long

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14
Q

JGA

A

crossroads between ascending loop & DCT and AA

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15
Q

Macula densa

A

monitor blood pressure (NA & CL)

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16
Q

Low BP

A
  1. JC cells release renin
  2. Renin combos with inactive angiotensinogen(liver) which combined converts to…
  3. angiotensin I converted by ACE (in lungs?)
  4. angiotensin II cuaes adrenal cortex to secrete
  5. aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na+ & water which increases BP
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17
Q

Types of transporters for facilitated transport

A

uniport- 1 substance 1 one way
symporter- 2 sub same direction
antiport- 2 sub 2 ways

18
Q

GHP

A

55mm

  • 30 bcosp (blood colloid osmotic pressure)
  • 15 CSHP 15 mm HG

net of 10

19
Q

endothelial fenstrations

A

aka glomerular capillary epithelium

20
Q

Histology- walls of alveolar cells (3 types)

A
  1. type 1 alveolar cells
  2. type 2 alveolar cells
  3. alveolar macrophages
21
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous pulmonary epthelial cells (c02/02 exchange takes place)

22
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

aka septal cells

have MV and secrete sufactant & alveolar cells

23
Q

what protects the lungs?

A

inner to outer

visceral pleura- covers the lungs themselves

pleura cavity- small space between visceral pleura & parietal pleura

outer layer is parietal pleura

24
Q

Breathing and ph

A

increase depth and rate of breathing…you get more c02 get more alkaline

Decrease depth and breaths you get less c02 and more acidic

  • ph of bodily fluids affects breathing
25
Q

compensation

A

physiological response to an acid base imbalance

26
Q

Respiration (3 steps overview)

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. internal respiration
27
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

breathing air flows in and out of the lungs (inhalation & expiration

28
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases 02/c02 in the lungs

pick up oxygen and eliminate c02

29
Q

external respiration steps for 02

A

*note 02 & c02 are moving by diffusion through same structures opposite direction

  1. o2 moves from type I alveolar cells
  2. to epithelial basement membrane to
  3. interstitial space
  4. through capillary basement membrane
  5. capillary endothelium
  6. RBC inside the capillaries
30
Q

External respiration steps for co2

A

*note 02 & c02 are moving by diffusion through same structures opposite direction

  1. co2 moves from RBC inside capillaries
  2. through capillary endothelium
  3. accross basement membrane
    4 intersitial space
  4. epithelia basement membrane
  5. type I alveolar cells (exhaled by lungs)
31
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases 02/c02 between the blood capillaries and tissue cells of the body

RBC lose 02 and pick up c02 at the tissue level

32
Q

pulmonary ventilation is simply

A

breathing

33
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts (moves downward)

external intercostal muscles also contract

decreasing intrapleural pressure and lungs expand

lung expansion decreases alveolar pressure and air comes in and fills up the lungs

34
Q

Expiration

A

occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

lung volume decreases and alveolar pressure increases

air moves from the lungs to the outside atmosphere

35
Q

what muscles are used during forced exhalation?

A

intercostals and abdominal muscles

36
Q

Control of respiration

A
  1. medulary rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of respiration
  2. pneumotaxic area in upper pons limits inspiration and facilitates expiration to prevent over expansion of the lungs
  3. apneustic area in the inferior pons prolongs inspiration and inhibits expiration

up and out

down and in

37
Q

hering-breurer inflation reflex

A

detects lung expansion with stretch receptors to prevent lung damage by over expansion

38
Q

Boyles law

A

volume of gas varies inversely with pressure

39
Q

daltons law

A

each gas has its own pressure independent of others

40
Q

henry’s law

A

quantity of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to PP of the gas and its solubility

higher PP = higher solubility

Respiratory System (2 decks)

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