RESS

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

Every member of a defined group of interest

Question 2

Representative Sample

Answer 2

Select group of the population

Question 3

Prevalence calculation

Answer 3

No of smoker/total number

Question 4

Categorical Variable

Answer 4

Can only be assigned to a number of distinct categories.

e.g. Sex, severity of symptoms

Question 5

Nominal Data

Answer 5

Subgroup of categorical variable
Category with no natural ordering
e.g. sex

Question 6

Ordinal Data

Answer 6

Subgroup of categorical variable
Natural ordering
e.g. severity of pain

Question 7

Numerical Variables

Answer 7

Ones that take numerical value

e.g. age

Question 8

Discrete data

Answer 8

Subgroup of numerical variable
Takes values of whole numbers only
e.g. no of hospital visits

Question 9

Continuous data

Answer 9

Subgroup of numerical variable
No restrictions on value
e.g. weight

Question 10

Frequency Table

Answer 10

Table showing frequency distributions

Question 11

Data appropriate for bar charts

Answer 11

Categorical and discrete metric variables

Question 12

Pie Chart

Answer 12

Categorical and numeric

Question 13

Histograms

Answer 13

Continuous variables

Question 14

Incidence

Answer 14

New cases of the disease arising in a population of a defined period of time

Question 15

Prevalence

Answer 15

Number of people with a disease amongst the population at a given time

Question 16

Adjustment

Answer 16

Refining case fatality rates and mortality rate to better represent the data

Question 17

Risk

Answer 17

=Number of new cases / Number at risk

Question 18

Odds

Answer 18

Number of times the event occurs divided by the number of times is does not occur

Question 19

Odds ratio

Answer 19

Used to calculate relative risk

Question 20

Relative Risk = 1

Answer 20

The risk/odds in the exposed group are the same as in the unexposed group

Question 21

Relative risk <1 and >1

Answer 21

<1 = Exposure is associated with a protective effect
>1 = Exposure increases risk of contracting the disease

Question 22

Outcome Variable

Answer 22

Your health or healthcare issue

Question 23

Exposure Variable

Answer 23

Factors affecting the outcome

Question 24

T-Test

Answer 24

Hypothesis testing by calculating a test statistic that is compared to the critical value in the relevant statistical table - If T stat more than critical value, reject null hypothesis

Question 25

P Value

Answer 25

Measure of the probability of obtaining the results of the test given that the null hypothesis is true. The smaller the p value, the less likely the results is to have occurred by chance

Question 26

Significant correlation statistic

Answer 26

0.7

Question 27

Linear regression

Answer 27

Regression of the best line to the observed data

Question 28

Sensitivity

Answer 28

How well the tests detects a condition - No of correct positive tests / no with disease

Question 29

Specificity

Answer 29

How well the test excludes those without the disease

No correctly test negative/ no without the disease

Question 30

Positive predictive value

Answer 30

Probability someone has the condition if they test positive

= No have the disease/ no test positive

Question 31

Negative predictive value

Answer 31

Probability someone doesn’t have the condition if they test negative
= No don’t have the disease/ no test negative