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Review > Review 11 > Flashcards

Review 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory neurons are a/efferent and enter SC on ventral/dorsal side?

Motor neurons = a/e and enter on v/d side?

A

Sensory = afferent, dorsal

Moton = efferent, ventral

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2
Q

Nerve = collection of neurons in _____ nervous system and contain cell bodies in ______
- They carry ______ information

Tract = in ______ and cell bodies in _______
- Carry ______ info

A

Nerves = PNS, ganglia, sensory or motor

Tract = CNS, nuclei, one type of info only

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3
Q

Can peptide hormones pass through plasma membrane?

A

No - they are polar => need second-messenger extracellular receptor

  • Peptide hormones end with -in or -ine (insulin, thyroxine)
  • ADH = peptide hormone
  • Steroid hormones end with -one, -ol, or -oid
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4
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Major functions in endocrine tissues

  • Ex. FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GnRH, oxytocin, dopamine
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5
Q

Oxytocin = positive or negative feedback loop

A

Positive (unusual)

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6
Q

Examples of glucocorticoids

A

Cortison, cortisone

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7
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion (always inhibitory)

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8
Q

Pineal gland releases ______, which regulates ________ ______

A

Melatonin - circadian rhythms

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9
Q

Direct hormones

A

Function in non-endocrine tissues

  • Ex. Prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone
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10
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Increases blood Ca2+ levels

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11
Q

GH is synthesized in _____ and secreted from ______

A

Growth hormone = synthesized and secreted from anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Inflammation of thyroid or iodine deficiency => what?

A

Hypothyroidism

  • In newborns => cretinism
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13
Q

Stimulus for renin produciton

  • Function of renin
A

Low blood pressure

  • Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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14
Q

Dopamine secretion prevents _____

A

Dopamine prevents prolactin release

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15
Q

What secretes erythropoeitin?

A

Kidney in response to low blood O2 levels

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16
Q

Androgen function and where are they secreted from

A

Function = male sexual differentiation
- Excess androgen in female => ambiguous genitalia

Made from adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Function of surfactant

A

Reduce surface tension => prevent collapse

18
Q

Function of larynx?

Pharynx?

A

Larynx - Holds vocal cords

Pharynx - pathway for food and air

19
Q

Path of air through respiratory tract

A 
Nares
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx (Fair Larry)
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
20
Q

Lysozyme location and function

A

Location - nasal cavity, saliva, tears

Function - breaks down peptidoglycan => prevent infection from gram-positive bacteria

21
Q

Agranulocytes

Granular leukocytes

A

A = Lymphocytes and monocytes

G = Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

22
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A

Collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to circulatory system

23
Q

What kind os cells present MHC I?

A

Healthy cells

  • If downregulated => natural killer cells destroy cell
24
Q

Where do B-cells mature and proliferate?

A

Spleen

25
Q

Co-enzyme

A

Organic carrier molecule

  • Hold onto something
  • Ex. Acetyl-CoA
26
Q

Co-factor

A

Directly participate in catalysis

27
Q

Vitamins vs. Minerals

A

Vitamins = organic cofactors/coenzymes

Minerals = inorganic cofactors

28
Q

Slope of L-B plot

A

Km/Vmax

29
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

30
Q

What does enteropeptidase do?

A

Activates carboxypeptidases A/B and trypsin (which activates chymotrypsin)

31
Q

Where is aminopeptidase?

A

Brush border

32
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies fats

33
Q

Where is sucrase located?

A

Brush border

34
Q

Stomach = ____ pH

Duodenum = pH of _____

A

Stomach = low pH (2)

Duodenum = pH of 8.5

35
Q

Bilirubin (what’s it in and what does it come from)

A

Component of bile

Comes from breakdown of hemoglobin

36
Q

Liver functions

A

Detox
Metabolic (glycogenesis/glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis)
Bile synthesis

37
Q

Difference b/w nucleotide and nucleoside

A

Nucleotide has phosphate, nucleoside does not

38
Q

DNA synthesis always proceeds from ____ prime to ____ prime

A

5’ to 3’

39
Q

Topoisomerases (ex. DNA gyrase)

A

Relax supercoiling that results from unwinding helix

40
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins

A

Bind to separated strands to keep them from reannealing

Review (13 decks)

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