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Review For Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Heterotroph

A

consumes other materials for food

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

organismsthat will make their own food (photosynthesis and chemosynthesis)

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2
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
“Cellular energy”
Re-usable
Can power most activites

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3
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar

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4
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process of converting sunlight energy, carbon dioxide, and water into oxygen and sugar (glucose)
6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight -> C6H12O6+6O2

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5
Q

Pigment

A

Light absorbing molecules (the color of the pigment is the spectrum of light that will be reflected)

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6
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Primary pigment (green!)

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7
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle responsible for photosynthesis

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8
Q

Thylakoid

A

sacs of pigments

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9
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid surrounding the thylakoids that contain enzymes

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10
Q

Grana (Granum?)

A

stack of thylakoids

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11
Q

Light Dependent Reaction

A

takes place in the thylakoids. Requires light to occur

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12
Q

Light Independent Reaction

A

takes place in the stroma. Requires enzymes

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13
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

another name for the Light Independent Reaction (named for Melvin Calvin . . . He discovered it)

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

the process of splitting glucose (Glyco: glucose . . . Lysis: to cut)
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen

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15
Q

Respiration

A

the action of breathing

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16
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

the process of releasing energy from food in the presence of oxygen
Has 3 parts:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle . . aka the Citric (name for Krebs) Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Formula: C6H12+6O2 -> energy+6CO2+6H2O

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17
Q

Fermentation

A

the process of releasing energy from food without oxygen (Alcoholic and Lactic Acid)

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18
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

takes place in the Mitochondria…
Guaranteed 2 ATPs
NAD, FAD+, and ATP are the energy created
We release Carbon Dioxide

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19
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Takes place in the cristae of the Mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 will pass along their high energy electrons until they reach oxygen
Oxygen releases the energy which will spin ATP synthase to create 32-34 molecules of ATP!

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20
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The Cell Cycle (Version 1)
Replication for some somatic cells
3 Steps:
Interphase: period of preparation
Longest Phase of the Cell Cycle
Has 3 Phases:
G1 - Cell will double in size (growth) (TRYOUTS)
S - DNA will be replicated (longest phase because we don’t want to mess up our DNA) (REGULAR SEASON)
G2 - Cell finishes growing and makes sure there are enough organelles (finishes growing) (ELIMINATIONS FOR THE PLAYOFFS)
PAGE 245 IN TEXTBOOK
Mitosis: the division of the nucleus (PLAYOFFS)
Has 4 phases
Prophase: “set up” phase. Longest!
Chromosomes are formed
Spindle forms:
Centrioles: “Anchors”
Spindle Fibers: 2 types
Polar fibers: connect the centrioles
Kinetochore Fibers: connect the centrioles to the chromosomes
Sister chromatids will pair up
Nucleolus disappears
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Metaphase: “in the middle”
Kinetochore fibers extend and contract until all sister chromatids are in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: Very fast…..
Centromeres break separating the sister chromatids
Chromosomes begin to move to opposite sides
The most mistakes can happen
Telophase: (teleport - to move) Mrs. C’s “Mr. Peanut” Phase
Chromosomes move completely to opposite sides
Nuclear membrane re-forms
Spindle starts to break down
Cytokinesis: “Separation of the Cytoplasm” (PLAYOFFS)
Cytoplasm moves…Cell pinches in until two daughter cells are formed

The Cell Cycle (Version 2) - Reproductive Cells (Germ Cells)
Interphase: same as any other cell
Meiosis: the nucleus will go through 2 divisions in order to reduce the number of chromosomes by half
Why?
Mitosis (human) Meiosis (human)
46 46
to
92 (interphase) 92 (interphase)
to
46 and 46 (mitosis) 46 and 46 (Meiosis I)
to
23 and 23 23 and 23 (Meiosis II)
Mom (23) + Dad (23) = 46
Cytokinesis: See paper

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus

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22
Q

Cyclins (What are Cyclins?

A

Proteins that give you the signal to replicate

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23
Q

Cancer

A

uncontrolled cell replication

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24
Q

Meiosis

A

the nucleus will go through 2 divisions in order to reduce the number of chromosomes by half

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25
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Begins at puberty when testosterone hits a peak
Continues for their whole life
Produces millions of sperm

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26
Q

Oogenesis

A

All ootids are formed prior to birth
Puberty starts the releasing of ootids
Menopause will stop it

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27
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that we can tell what to do/become

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28
Q

Genetics

A

the study of inheritance

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29
Q

Gregor Mendel

A 
Rebel!
Born in 1822
AUstrian
Joined the monastery teaching high school and taking care of the garden after studying science and math at the University of Vienna
	DID THE PEA PLANT EXPERIMENTS
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30
Q

True-Breeding

A

plants were allowed to self-pollination in order to create “pure” traits

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31
Q

Trait

A

any characteristic of a living thing that varies among individuals in a population

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32
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA that codes for a trait or protein

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33
Q

Allele

A

a variation of a gene

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34
Q

Cross-pollination

A

plants were allowed to cross-pollinate in order to create “hybrids”

35
Q

Hybrid

A

an offspring that is the product of parents with opposing traits

36
Q

Gamete

A

???????

37
Q

Dominant

A

an allele that has the ability to “mask” or “hide” another allele (Single capital letter)

38
Q

Recessive

A

an allele that is able to be hidden (represented by a single lowercase letter)

39
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

states that alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes. The gamete will receive only one allele from each parent

40
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

states that the allele chosen to be passed on to gametes is done at random. If a dominant alleles passed on for one trait does not mean all other traits will receive a dominant allele

41
Q

Punnett Squares

A

used to show potential outcomes of a P generation cross

42
Q

Homozygous

A

when the two allleles for a trait are the same

43
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the two alleles for a trait are different

44
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic composition of a trait

45
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical appearance of a trait

46
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when the alleles are heterozygous the dominant allele tries to cover up the recessive allele, but instead of being covered up the recessive pushes back, creating a phenotype that in in between or a “mix” of the dominant and recessive phenotypes

47
Q

Co-Dominance

A

when the dominant and recessive alleles cannot agree on who is going to be expressed, so both show in the heterozygous phenotype equally (speckled, spotted, or half and half)

48
Q

DNA

A

Genetic information

49
Q

Nitrogen Base Pairing

A

In DNA, the nitrogen bases are in a complimentary pairing and are facing in

50
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

A

DNA has a backbone made of aternating Sugar Phosphate units (it’s double-stranded)

51
Q

Double Helix

A

DNA has a right-handed twist (helix)

52
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Neglected scientist because she was a woman
Had a pretty close picture of DNA but thought she was looking at it from a different angle
Her boss gave the picture to other male scientists, they got a Nobel Prize but she died before receiving hers

53
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Found the structure of DNA! But they got the original picture from Franklin :(
Both received Nobel Prize in 1962

54
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Physical manipulation of DNA

55
Q

Genetic disorders

A

when segregation and meiosis go wrong
DNA that is incorrect (genes)
Chromosomes that are either extra or missing
NO cure for these conditions

56
Q

Purines

A

A/G of DNA

57
Q

Pyrimidines

A

T/C of DNA

58
Q

Nucleotide

A

Form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

59
Q

Why can’t cells just continue growing? Explain.

A

DNA and Cell membrane

60
Q

What is the advantage of forming Chromosomes?

A

We control them???

61
Q

WHat is the difference between Chromatin, Chromosome, and Chromatids?

A

Chromatin: DNA wrapped around proteins called histones (“relaxed” DNA)
Beads with DNA wrapped around so it doesn’t get tangled
Chromosome: Chromatin that is super coiled
Chromatid: Chromosome that has been replicated. When they are identical they are “sister”
Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere

62
Q

What are sister Chromatids?

A

Identical chromatids held together by a centromere

63
Q

What is the first stage of the Cell Cycle? What is its purpose?

A

Interphase…preparation

64
Q

What does Mitosis actually do?

A

Divides the nucleus

65
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromosomes are formed
Spindle forms:
Centrioles: “Anchors”
Spindle Fibers: 2 types
Polar fibers: connect the centrioles
Kinetochore Fibers: connect the centrioles to the chromosomes
Sister chromatids will pair up
Nucleolus disappears
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Nuclear membrane breaks down

66
Q

what is the purpose of Metaphase? Why is this helpful to the cell?

A

Kinetochore fibers extend and contract until all sister chromatids are in the middle of the cell. This makes it easier for them to separate.

67
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Centromeres break separating the sister chromatids and Chromosomes begin to move to opposite sides

68
Q

What are the major things that happen duringg Telophase?

A

Chromosomes move completely to opposite sides
Nuclear membrane re-forms
Spindle starts to break down

69
Q

What does Cytokinesis mean?

A

“Separation of the Cytoplasm” THIS IS WHEN THE TWO SEPARATE CELLS ARE MADE

70
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled replication of cells

71
Q

What is the difference between the two types of tumors?

A

Benign tumors are harmless because they don’t spread but they can be dangerous (cannot always be removed and sometimes become Malignant). Malignant tumors can spread and grow anywhere

72
Q

What are two ways cancer occurs?

A

Cells just keep on replicating without stopping, causing tumors and don’t stimulate immune system warnings

73
Q

Compare and contrast injuries to cells that can divide (such as your intestine) and cells that cannot divide (such as your heart)

A

If your cells cannot replicate, they can’t build back up from the injury you have sustained. However, if you have an injury somewhere cells can replicate, you can eventually heal

74
Q

Describe the process of Meiosis

A

The nucleus goes through two divisions to reduce the number of chromosomes by half (46-92-46-23 and 23 to pass on)

75
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

So that we can pass on 23 (you get 23 chromosomes from Mom and 23 from Dad)

76
Q

What are the 3 unique features of Meiosis?

A

the nucleus goes through 2 divisions to reduce the number of chromosomes, the chromosomes swap DNA, and it is only used by germ/reproductive cells.

77
Q

Compare and Contrast Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

A

Both produce what is necessary to have a child (Sperm and Ootids). However, Spermatogenesis continues their whole life while Oogenesis stops at Menopause

78
Q

Who discovered the Principles of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

79
Q

What is the difference between “pure” bred plants and Hybrids?

A

Pure breds come from parents with similar traits while Hybrids come from parents with opposing traits

80
Q

What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?

A

Dominant alleles usually hide the recessive alleles while recessive alleles are the ones who usually step back and “hide” or are covered up by the dominant ones

81
Q

What is meant by heterozygous and homozygous for traits?

A

Heterozygous is when the alleles for a trait are different and homozygous is when they are the same

82
Q

What is the difference between the phenotype and the genotype for a trait?

A

The phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait and the genotype is the genetic composition of a trait

83
Q

What are Mendel’s three principles of Genetics?

A

The Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness, The Principle of Segregation, and The Principle of Independent Assortment

84
Q

Explain what is meant by Independent Assortment

A

The allele chosen to be passed on to gametes is done at random

85
Q

What is Segregation into gametes mean?

A

The gamete will only receive ONE allele from each parent…they separate during the formation of gametes

86
Q

Describe probability and Punnett Squares

A

Probability is the likelihood of a particular event occurring expressed as a ratio. Punnett Squares are used to show potential outcomes of a P generation cross

Biology (1 decks)

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