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child lang > revision > Flashcards

revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main four characteristics of human language?

A

Creativity: new words, grammar allows for infinite expression
Semanticity: symbols refer to or mean something
Arbitrariness: both arbitrary and iconic symbols
Displacement: talking about things beyond immediate space and time

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2
Q

What age do multi-word utterances typically emerge?

A

24 months

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3
Q

What age do two-word utterances typically emerge?

A

18 months

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4
Q

What age does an infant’s first word emerge on average?

A

12 months

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5
Q

What age does an infant begin babbling?

A

7 months

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6
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 24 months?

A

Multi-word utterances

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7
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 18 months?

A

Two-word utterances

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8
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 12 months?

A

First word

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9
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 7 months?

A

Babbling

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10
Q

Define transitional probability

A

The likelihood of syllables occurring together

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11
Q

What is the indeterminacy of reference?

A

difficulty for learning words is made harder by the infinite possibilities for mapping between a word and potential referents

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12
Q

What do biases do for children?

A

acts as a first hypothesis about the mapping between a phonological form and referent. this mapping is refined over time

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13
Q

Between 2-6 years, approximately how many words to children learn per day?

A

10

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14
Q

Give an example of visual animal communication

A

peacocks tail feathers for mating/courting

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15
Q

Give an example of auditory animal communication

A

wolves howling, dogs barking

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16
Q

Give an example of tactile animal communication

A

dogs lick their pups to stimulate development

17
Q

Give an example of chemical animal communication

A

ants use pheromone trails to follow one another

18
Q

What are the four kinds of animal communication

A

Visual, auditory, tactile, chemical

19
Q

Define a lexigram

A

Visual symbols that represent whole words, usually used for teaching primates language

20
Q

Describe why dogs can have immense lexical prowess compared to primates?

A

Dogs are more willing to be directed and can recognise communicative symbols. Possible that the domestication of dogs underpins their sensitivity to communicative intentionality

21
Q

What is the evidence for a phonological critical period?

A

Native-like accents are rarely attained by L2 learners
Infants are particularly sensitive to rhythm, stress, prosody and phonotactics

22
Q

What are some accelerants or precursors to vocabulary learning?

A
  • Joint attention
  • Imitation: gaze and mouth
  • SES
  • Gesturing
23
Q

What percentage of imitative skills is attributable to genetic factors?

A

30%

24
Q

What is the underpinning of imitation?

A

Fundamentally social nature of humans. Motivation for interaction

25
Q

How universal is CDL?

A

Posited that individuals/languages pick from a variety of tools that are linguistically applicable for enhancing language learning
Investing in children’s learning varies cross-culturally

26
Q

What did the study of interaction/input in the Tseltal language find?

A

Tseltal children are not directly spoken to frequently. Instead hear a lot of ADS, inconsistently distributed throughout the day
Low rate of vocalisation: children attend to the events around them
Regular vocal maturity/developmental milestones

27
Q

Define coarticulation

A

the effects of the physical properties of neighbouring phonemes

28
Q

What is the vocabulary spurt?

A

The rapid acceleration in vocabulary acquisition rate after the period of initially slow lexical learning

29
Q

What are the three levels for compounding?

A
  1. Retrieval of base forms
  2. Derivation and compounding
  3. Regular plural inflection
30
Q

Around what age to children start to acquire [-s]?

A

24 -30 months

31
Q

Finish the sentence:
Children acquire morphology more quickly when…

A

..paradigms are richer

32
Q

What is connectionism in child language acquisition?

A

Computational models that attempt to mimic human cognitive processes, such as language learning

33
Q

What is the verb-island hypothesis?

A

children first acquire a structure that is tied to frequently appearing verbs. as children learn more verbs, they start to build bridges across these islands to build an abstract adult network

34
Q

What is the transitivity bias?

A

children sometimes overgeneralise verbs to the transitive

child lang (2 decks)

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