Revision Flashcards
Define Bayesian statistics
Bayesian statistics is a mathematical procedure that applies probabilities to statistical problems. It provides people the tools to update their beliefs in the evidence of new data
Define Markov Model
The Markov model is a simple mathematical tool that can be used to generate a detailed and accurate assessment of life expectancy and health states
Decision Tree
Good for modelling problems involving chance events that occur within a short time frame or time horizon
Terminal nodes (apart from death) are not necessarily terminal but convenient stopping points
Thinking about utility of the terminal nodes often requires us to think beyond the time horizon
In order to evaluate the utility of different branches we might need to know more temporal information
Events may repeat
They might occur over longer time periods
The sequence of events may be important
However recursive decision trees can get unwieldy very quickly
Define Conditional Probability
Probability of an event A given B equals the probability of B and A happening together divided by the probability of B.”
For example: Assume two partially intersecting sets A and B as shown below.
Set A represents one set of events and Set B represents another. We wish to calculate the probability of A given B has already happened. Lets represent the happening of event B by shading it with red
What is economics
Economics is a social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
what are the seven aspects of care
Efficacy - does it work?
Effectiveness - how well does it work?
Efficiency - is it the best way to do it?
Equity - is it fair?
Accessibility - to everyone?
Acceptability - is it what people want?
Appropriateness - is it what people need?
Cost benefit analysis
CBA rests on the principle that society’s welfare will be improved whenever the benefits of a project exceed its costs
Comparison of intervention and their consequences
Perspectives of Cost Benefit Analysis
Patient perspective benefit to patient cost to patient Provider’s perspective cost to provider (DoH, NHS Trust, practice) benefit to population in health terms Social perspective cost to society, including lost productivity general health of population
Cost effectiveness Analysis
CEA applies to problems where the goal is accepted at the start and the problem is to find the best most efficient means to achieve it
Compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more courses of action
Cost Utility Analysis
CUA is a special form of CEA that introduces measures of benefits that reflect individuals’ preferences over health consequences of alternative programs that affect them
Number of years lived in full health by the beneficiaries
QALY
Quality adjusted life year (QALY) is a common measure for comparing and cost effectiveness analysis of treatments. The outcome of any treatment is determined in terms of the resulting number of years of full health. By this approach one year at full health is equated to two years at half health.
Gold Standard
In medicine and stats GS is usually diagnostic test or benchmrk that is the best available under reasonable conditions
Passive decision support system
Provides clinicians, staff, patients with knowledge and persons specific info, intelligently filtered or presented at appropiate times to enhance patient care.
ROC Curve
A receiver operating characteristic curve, i.e., ROC curve, is a graphical plot that illustrates the diagnostic ability of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied. The ROC curve is created by plotting the true positive rate against the false positive rate at various threshold settings
Evidence based Medicine
is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the delivery of optimal clinical care to patients
