Reward circuits and hypothalamic plasticity in energy balance control

Question 1

For what physiological purpose did leptin actually evolve?

Answer 1

To serve as a metabolic signal of energy sufficiency rather than excess

Question 2

Starvation is characterized by __________ gonadal hormone and delays __________ in females

Answer 2

Decreased; ovulation

Question 3

True or false: Treatment with leptin worsened reproductive function

Answer 3

False, leptin improved reproductive function

Question 4

What is the only orexigenic gut hormone?

Answer 4

Ghrelin

Question 5

Ghrelin is a 28- aa hormone with appetite-____________ and __________-releasing activities

Answer 5

Stimulating; growth hormone

Question 6

Is ghrelin an exogenous ligand or an endogenous ligand of GHSR?

Answer 6

Endogenous ligand

Question 7

Ghrelin induces body weight ______ in mice

Answer 7

Gain

Question 8

What suggests a role in meal initiation in humans?

Answer 8

A pre-prandial rise in plasma ghrelin

Question 9

What procedure suppresses ghrelin levels?

Answer 9

Gastric bypass

Question 10

Ghrelin ___________ energy intake in cancer patients with impaired appetite

Answer 10

Increases

Question 11

All common drugs of abuse increase _______________ transmission from nerve terminals originating in the _____ onto neurons in the nucleus accumbens

Answer 11

Dopaminergic; VTA

Question 12

What increases dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 12

Palatable food

Question 13

What inhibits feeding-induced dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 13

Leptin

Question 14

Direct leptin administration to the ______ results in a __________ of food intake in rats

Answer 14

VTA; reduction

Question 15

What regulates brain responses to food images?

Answer 15

Leptin

Question 16

How does ghrelin favor food consumption?

Answer 16

Enhancing the hedonic responses to food-related cues

Question 17

What happens to mice with trpm5-ko lacking sweet receptors?

Answer 17

They do not taste the sucrose solutions

Question 18

Are taste receptors required to detect sucrose solutions?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

True or false: There are more excitatory synapses in NPY neurons than POMC neurons

Answer 19

False, there are more excitatory synapses in POMC neurons

Question 20

Leptin produces rapid changes in the strength and number of ______________ and ____________ synapses that have
inputs on ________ and POMC arcuate neurons

Answer 20

Excitatory; inhibitory; NPY

Question 21

What is a neuronal function of leptin?

Answer 21

Promotes neurite outgrowth directly from the Arc

Question 22

Response of Arc neurons to leptin is _________ in DIO-prone rats

Answer 22

Reduced