rivers

Question 1

hydraulic action

Answer 1

the force of the water wearing away the bed and bank of the river

Question 2

abrasion

Answer 2

When pebbles grind along the river bank and bed in a sand-papering effect.

Question 3

attrition

Answer 3

where rocks in the water become smaller and rounder by hitting each other.

Question 4

solution

Answer 4

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks

Question 5

what are the types of transportation

Answer 5

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

Question 6

traction

Answer 6

large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river be

Question 7

saltation

Answer 7

pebbles are bounced along the river bed, most commonly near the source

Question 8

suspension

Answer 8

lighter sediment is suspended (carried) within the water,

Question 9

how are interlocking spurs created

Answer 9

the river cuts down into the valley. If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will bend around it. This creates interlocking spurs. using vertical erosion

Question 10

how does a waterfall form

Answer 10

As the river flows over bands of different rock, the water erodes soft rock more quickly than hard rock. This undercuts the hard rock and leaves it overhanging. Because it is no longer supported by the soft rock, it eventually collapses.

Question 11

how does a oxbow lake form

Answer 11

An oxbow lake starts out as a meander in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter, course.

Question 12

define confluence

Answer 12

the point at which two rivers meet

Question 13

define tributary

Answer 13

a small river or stream that joins a larger river

Question 14

what is a watershed

Answer 14

a watershed is an area of high land forming the edge of a river basin

Question 15

how does a v shaped valley form

Answer 15

v shaped valleys are formed by erosion the river carries stones and rocks in its water the force of the water and the grinding of rocks and stones cut down into the river bed to carve out a valley. over time the valley becomes deeper and wider

Question 16

flooding- soft engineering- afforestation

Answer 16

trees intercept water by taking it into their roots
advantages- reduces water flowing downstream as leaves can reduce surface run off
disadvantages- loss of potential grazing land

Question 17

flooding- soft engineering - flood warnings

Answer 17

the meteoroligical office analyses data from 200 weather stations
advantages- very cheap way of protecting peoples property if people are warned in advance of a flood then they will be able to protect their valuables
disadvantages- flood warning are only effective if people listen to them

Question 18

flooding- hard engineering- dams

Answer 18

large concrete barriers built across a river to impede its flow
advantages- promotes new habitats and boosts tourism
disadvantages- the flooding of the valley displaces people

Question 19

flooding- hard engineering- channel straightening

Answer 19

a meandering section of a river is engineered to create a straightened channel
advantages- reduces flood risk home owner gain confidence to invest in their property
disadvantages- it is very expensive