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Term 2: Midterm/finals > Roman Empire & Christianity > Flashcards

Roman Empire & Christianity Flashcards

1
Q

Who killed Caesar’s assassins and crushed revolts after his death, becoming the sole ruler by being approved by the Senate?

A

Octavian

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2
Q

After Octavian became the sole ruler, what did the consul name him?

A

Augustus (“exalted one”)

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3
Q

What did Octavian’s reign become the start of?

A

Pax Romana (“roman peace”)<– for citizens, maybe not for people in the edge)

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4
Q

What were the only soldiers stationed in Rome, and were committed to upholding the emperor’s authority?

A

Praetorian guard

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5
Q

What did a network of roads, bridges, and tunnels built by soldiers help the army with?

A

March quickly across great distances: crush trouble and keep order (everyone: travel father, faster and safer) (trade)

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6
Q

Soldiers were in forts on three continents. What were the three continents that protected the empire’s frontiers from attacks by enemies?

A

Europe, Asia, Africa (protection)

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7
Q

Traders moved bulky goods by ship before transferring them to slower ox-drawn carts. What were the most important Roman goods in terms of the quantity traded?

A

Wine, olive, oil, grain (sail east to India or Silk roads to China)

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8
Q

What did the Roman empire make coins called?

A

Denarii

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9
Q

What was Denarii, the Roman coin, made of?

A

Silver & Sesterces (brass)

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10
Q

What was Rome’s first great road that was connected with southern Italy?

A

Appian Way

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11
Q

What was the new “ingredient” used in construction that they used to build huge freestanding structures like the Pantheon?

A

Concrete

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12
Q

Roman architecture was modeled on Greek architecture. However, what was the distinctive Roman style that Romans used to build buildings?

A

Arch (curved structure), vaults (lengthen of arch), domes(joining circle of arches at highest point)

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13
Q

What were long stone channels that carried clean water from hilltops into cities and towns called?

A

Aqueducts

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14
Q

Where did the Romans go to for entertainment?

A

Amphitheater

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15
Q

What was the world’s largest amphitheater?

A

Colosseum

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16
Q

What did people see in the colosseum, far more different to the sports that we see now?

A

Violent death

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17
Q

Who were people that were usually slaves or criminals that fought each other to death, in which if it is successful, may win fame, fortune, and freedom?

A

Gladiators

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18
Q

Why did the emperor make the Gladiators fight each other for?

A

Distract poor from problems

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19
Q

What hunts down defenseless criminals to clear the bodies in the morning? (before gladiators attack)

A

Exotic animals

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20
Q

The Roman empire did not always rely on military conquests. If the area looked difficult to conquer, what did Augustus do?

A

Support local ruler

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21
Q

What did Augustus ask the people in the area to do in return for him supporting the local ruler?

A

Required to provide empire with military aid if necessary

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22
Q

What was supporting the local ruler instead of having conflict with them help with?

A

Save expenses of war, easier to invade territory in future

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23
Q

Why did Augustus support art, literature, and education?

A

Help developed culture, and gain respect, and served as a good distraction (people happy with you)

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24
Q

Why did Augustus reduce the size of the army?

A

Since there was peace, the army didn’t need to fight anymore and could become farmers; reducing possibility of people being loyal to generals (caused fall of Roman republic)

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25
Q

Why was Augustus more successful than Caesar?

A

Augustus slowly, carefully, and legally got approval from the senate (good at persuading) and the people to become dictator (Caesar: “dictator for life” and angered Senate), fixing problems of the poor (like Caesar)

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26
Q

Who was Augustus’s adopted son to whom he gave a prosperous, peaceful, and stable empire?

A

Tiberius

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27
Q

Who created the far-flung frontiers; such as bridges, roads, and tunnels?

A

Soldiers

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28
Q

How are Roman roads from 2000 years ago more durable than modern roads today?

A

Have multiple layers of material

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29
Q

How did making the center of the road sightly higher than the edges help with?

A

Drain water into drainage ditches (prevent floods, etc)

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30
Q

Romans were tolerant of many different religions as long as the citizens did what?

A

Worship emperor as god

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31
Q

What city did the Romans capture which led to the Jewish in Roman control?

A

Jerusalem

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32
Q

Which religion had a problem with worshipping the emperor as god?

A

Judaism (monotheistic)

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33
Q

How did the Jewish scattering throughout the empire (tensions between Romans and Jews: conflict) create? (And many roads throughout the empire)

A

Christianity

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34
Q

What is Christianity the teachings of?

A

Jesus

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35
Q

Where was Jesus born in?

A

Judea (poor family)

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36
Q

Where do we know most of Jesus’s teachings?

A

Four Gospels

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37
Q

Who were the Four Gospels written by?

A

Matthew, Luke, Mark, and John (followers)

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38
Q

What is the Four Gospels the part of, which presents the history, teachings, and beliefs of Christianity?

A

New Testament

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39
Q

Jesus practiced Jew and what did he work as?

A

Carpenter

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40
Q

What did the Biblical account claim that Jesus could perform?

A

Miracles (ex. healing the sick)

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41
Q

What were Jesus’s followers called?

A

Disciple

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42
Q

Who were Jesus’s closest followers called?

A

Twelve Apostles

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43
Q

What did Jesus use to make his religious or moral points?

A

Parables (short stories)

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44
Q

In the Sermon on the Mount, what did Jesus claim his love for instead of the Jewish law?

A

God and charity

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45
Q

How were his followers able to go to heaven by doing?

A

Sought god’s forgiveness to their sins

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46
Q

What did Jesus become to his followers as he became known as the “anointed one”?

A

Christ

47
Q

What did Jesus’s followers believe about Jesus?

A

He was the promised Messiah (one to free them)

48
Q

Why was Jesus arrested during his visit to Jerusalem during the Jewish observance of Passover?

A

Criticized Jewish practices

49
Q

What did Pontius Pilate (governor of Judea) sentence Jesus to?

A

Death by crucifixion (nailed to a cross)

50
Q

According to the Gospel accounts, what happened to Jesus after being crucified?

A

Resurrected (rose from dead, ascended to heaven)

51
Q

What did the resurrection signal?

A

Victory over sin and death

52
Q

Who betrayed Jesus in The Last Supper?

A

Judas

53
Q

At first, Christians practiced Jew in places for Jewish worship, what was that place called?

A

Synagogues

54
Q

Soon after Christianity spread, Christians paid little attention to the laws of Judaism, welcoming non-Jewish people. Who were they called?

A

Gentiles

55
Q

What was Christianity’s promise that was made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus, which served as a main appeal?

A

Promise of salvation (saving of humans from sin & consequences)

56
Q

What Roman ideas did Christianity reject?

A

Wealth and image (value living simply & peacefully)

57
Q

Why did women and slaves like Christianity?

A

Treated them more like equals than other religions

58
Q

Why did the poor like Christianity?

A

Shared wealth for public services to improve lives (ex. hospitals, schools)

59
Q

Why did the Romans at first ignored Christianity?

A

Confused Christianity as Judaism

60
Q

Who was responsible for spreading Christianity in the early days, a well-educated Jew and Roman citizen, known for being one of Christianity’s fierce prosecutors?

A

Paul (killed in Roman massacre of Christians)

61
Q

What is a missionary?

A

A person who travels to another country to do religious work

62
Q

Why did Paul become a missionary?

A

Jesus was revealed to him as the Son of God (vision)

63
Q

Paul explained Jesus’s teachings by answering questions using?

A

Epistles (many letters)

64
Q

Why did the Romans make Christianity illegal?

A

May threaten the stability of the empire

65
Q

Why did the Romans punish Christians?

A

Not worshipping the emperor

66
Q

Which emperor blamed the Christians for the great fire?

A

Nero

67
Q

Where did the Christians worship and bury their dead after emperor Nero blamed them for the great fire, putting the deaths into thousands of people?

A

Catacombs (hidden chambers)

68
Q

Why did Constantine, the Roman emperor at that time when the Christians were being prosecuted, pray for help?

A

Was losing power

69
Q

Why did Constantine become a Christian emperor?

A

Prays answered by a vision of the Christian cross

70
Q

What does historians suggest why Constantine was so generous?

A

Robbed temples, used tax money for personal purposes

71
Q

How did some of Constantine’s supporters gain favor?

A

Faking conversions to Christianity

72
Q

Which emperor made Christianity the official religion of Rome, closing all the Roman gods

A

Theodosius

73
Q

Who was the Roman emperor who turned Christian after seeing a vision of a Christian cross, declaring Sunday Christian’s day of rest and added symbols on coins and soldier’s shields?

A

Constantine

74
Q

What was each church led by in Christianity?

A

Priest

75
Q

What were groups of churches led by in Christianity?

A

Bishop

76
Q

Who was the first bishop of Rome in Christianity?

A

Apostle Peter

77
Q

Constantine created a church over the apostle Peter (the first bishop of Rome in Christianity), what was that called?

A

St. Peter’s Basilica

78
Q

Who was the leader of all the churches (important bishop)?

A

Pope

79
Q

A pope was in charge of a unified church, what was that called?

A

Roman catholic church

80
Q

What was the holy trinity?

A

Union of Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit (Creed - statements of beliefs)

81
Q

What were large country houses, created to impress called?

A

Villas

82
Q

What was a very expensive design feature in Roman villas, created by using colored cubes in mortar to create a picture or design?

A

Mosaic

83
Q

Who was the emperor who created the “Villa Adriana at Tivoli” in Rome, which included a theater, stadium, palace, library, and many more?

A

Hadrian

84
Q

What was a painting painted directly onto the wall while the plaster was still wet, influenced by the Greeks

A

Fresco

85
Q

Why did the Romans love art?

A

Emphasize position in society

86
Q

What does barbarian mean?

A

Outsiders

87
Q

What started the return of political violence and civil war, when it had 200 years of peace?

A

Disputes over who should be emperor

88
Q

What was the cause of the constant arguing over who should be emperor?

A

The empire became too large (huge geographic/cultural differences)

89
Q

What were the economic consequences of invaders during the very beginning of the start of the third-century crisis?

A

Drain money/resources

90
Q

What did the Romans do when the empire started to become too large and civil war/invasions from barbarians occurred during the very beginning of the start of the third-century crisis?

A

Rebuilt defensive walls

91
Q

Why were there many emperors in just a year?

A

Killed or replaced (blamed for not protecting empire)

92
Q

What happened during the third-century crisis when there was war, starting the gap between the rich and poor?

A

Higher, heavier taxes

93
Q

Where did people living in what we call now, Spain, France, and Britain, started to trust their local rulers. So, what did they form?

A

Gallic Empire

94
Q

Which emperor stopped the third-century crisis of Rome?

A

Diocletian

95
Q

How did Diocletian prevent the fall of Rome during the third-century crisis?

A

Divide empire in two (east & west)

96
Q

Who was Diocletian’s trusted friend whom he asked to rule the western part of the Roman empire?

A

Maximian (appointed junior emperor like Diocletian )

97
Q

What is a tetrarchy?

A

Rule of 4 emperors

98
Q

To promote unity, what did Diocletian and Maximian enforce?

A

Emperor worship & Latin language (also divide provinces)

99
Q

What did Diocletian and Maximian create to tackle trouble whenever it broke out?

A

Mobile field army

100
Q

How did Diocletian and Maximian start to recover the economy of the Roman empire?

A

Reforming tax laws, controlling inflation, and stabilizing the currency

101
Q

How did Constantine become emperor when his father died as a Western emperor and the tetrarchy refused his claim of making him the Western emperor?

A

Civil war (won but was more interested in the eastern part) (After Diocletian and Maximian died and juniors took over)

102
Q

Since the western part of the Roman empire was becoming weaker, after winning the civil war, what did Constantine do?

A

Move capital to the ancient Greek city of Byzantium (Constantinople)

103
Q

Where was Constantinople located?

A

On the Bosporus (a narrow stretch of water separating Europe and Asia: many resources, trade)

104
Q

Who reunited the separated Western and eastern empires? (Permanently split after his death)

A

Theodosius

105
Q

In the Roman Empire, what were the two rivers on the northern border that made invasion difficult?

A

The Rhine and Danube rivers

106
Q

Which tribes ripped the Western Roman Empire apart?

A

Visigoths, Vandals, (German tribes from Northern Europe) and Huns

107
Q

Why were the Huns skillful fighters?

A

Skill with horses and bows (Nomads)

108
Q

Which Hun ruler got rid of the Western Roman Empire?

A

Attila

109
Q

What did the Western Roman Empire break up into after the Huns defeated Western Rome?

A

Many germanic kingdoms

110
Q

What did the Eastern Roman Empire turn into after the Huns defeated Western Rome?

A

Byzantine Empire

111
Q

Who started the sack of Rome?

A

Visigoths

112
Q

What was the old testament mainly of?

A

The bible of Jews

113
Q

What were Islam, Judaism, and Christianity called?

A

Abrahamic Faiths

Term 2: Midterm/finals (8 decks)

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