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History > Russia Theme 3 - Control of the People > Flashcards

Russia Theme 3 - Control of the People Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Cheka founded and who was its leader?

A

December 1917
Felix Dzerzhinksy

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2
Q

How were the Cheka used early January 1918?

A

Closed the Constituent Assembly.

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3
Q

When and what was the outcome of the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries?

A

1922
All sentenced to death although no executions were actually carried out.

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4
Q

How did the Cheka’s role shift during NEP?

A

Began monitoring moral problems such as Nepmen, gambling, and drinking.

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5
Q

When did Lenin mass deport a group of people and who?

A

1922 - intellectuals

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6
Q

What did Yagoda achieve as head of NKVD?

A

Arrested Zinoviev and Kamenev

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7
Q

What was the name of Yezhov’s interrogation method?

A

Conveyor belt system - suspects under constant interrogation

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8
Q

How many were arrested during great terror?

A

1.5 million - 10% of male population

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9
Q

How many were executed during Great Terror?

A

680,000

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10
Q

Where did peasants organise their own show trial and why?

A

Kazan - Party officials accused of living over-luxurious lives

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11
Q

Which show trials led to the execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin?

A

Trial of the 16
Trial of the 21

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12
Q

How did the use of terror change during WW2? Give an example.

A

Terror used largely on ethnic minorities - 1942 - mass deportation of Kalmyks with only 53,000 surviving

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13
Q

How many Soviet ex-PoWs were interrogated by secret police post-WW2?

A

1.5 million

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14
Q

What was the name of the special ant-dissident branch of the KGB, when was it established?

A

Directorate V - 1967

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15
Q

What group was allowed to emigrate in the 1970s, in what numbers, and why?

A

100,000 people - mostly Jewish people - they made up a large number of creatives and artists

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16
Q

What punishment did Protestants and Jehovah’s witnesses receive under Andropov’s KGB?

A

repressive psychiatry

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17
Q

How many KGB warnings were issued November 1972?

A

70,000

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18
Q

How many dissidents were imprisoned 1968-70?

A

528

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19
Q

When and what was the Helsinki Agreement?

A

1975 - USSR committed to respect human rights

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20
Q

What campaign was launched in 1979 to tackle various forms of anti-social behaviour?

A

Law and Order Campaign

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21
Q

What phenomenon grew in Soviet society late 1970s/early 1980s? What did it consist of?

A

social malaise - alcoholism, poor labour discipline, black market

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22
Q

How did Andropov attempt to rectify popular discontent in his time as leader?

A

Anti-corruption campaign; anti-alcohol campaign; Operation Trawl

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23
Q

When was the Decree on Press and what did it do?

A

November 1917 - govt. had power to close opposition newspapers

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24
Q

What was the sole news distributor of the USSR?

A

ROSTA

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25
Q

When and what was the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press?

A

January 1918 - Cheka could punish dissenting journalists

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26
Q

What was the impact of the Decree on Press?

A

By 1921, 2,000 newspapers had shut down; 575 printing presses shut

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27
Q

When was glavlit established and what was its purpose?

A

1922 - censorship

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28
Q

Whose works did Stalin purge from libraries?

A

Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky

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29
Q

How did glavlit’s role become more extreme under Stalin?

A

Prevented publications of any bad news such as bad weather - made USSR seem like Stalin’s utopia

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30
Q

Why did Khrushchev want to build a consumer society?

A

An effort to further humanise communism

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31
Q

How did Khrushchev utilise readers’ letters to his advantage?

A

Magazines such as Rabotnitsa complained about sexual inequality - Khrushchev launched a campaign against worthless men who weren’t devout communists

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32
Q

Why was TV important under Khrushchev?

A

Broadcasted Soviet space race success - 1961 Yuri Gagarin

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33
Q

What did Khrushchev want media focus on - give an example?

A

Ordinary people - 1963 Valentina Tereshkova’s farm background highlighted

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34
Q

What was Khrushchev’s new propaganda method of ensuring conformity? Give an example of a poster.

A

‘Popular oversight’ - non-conformist citizens depicted comically - 1959 ‘The Alcoholic’

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35
Q

What did the ‘Teacher’s Gazette’ magazine do?

A

Encouraged women to make the right consumer choices

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36
Q

What did the 1958 poster ‘The Cowshed’ do?

A

It acknowledged the inefficiencies of Soviet farming.

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37
Q

In what way was Brezhnev successful in his control of the media?

A

He had hidden all footage of the Soviet war in Afghanistan

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38
Q

Why did increased tolerance for consumer magazines create problems under Khrushchev and Brezhnev?

A

They showcased the East/West disparity in living standards

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39
Q

Why did excessive media coverage undermine Brezhnev?

A

Broadcasting him daily showed his increasing frailty - undermined the powerful image propagated by his cult

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40
Q

Who was Lunacharsky?

A

The People’s Commissar of Enlightenment

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41
Q

How big did Proletkult become?

A

84,000 members by 1920

42
Q

When and why did Proletkult merge with the Commissariat of Education?

A

October 1920 - Lenin preferred bourgeois culture and felt Proletkult was anarchic

43
Q

Who was Dziga Vertov? Give an example of his work.

A

Experimental Soviet filmmaker - Kino-Pravda (film truth)

44
Q

Why did the Avant-Garde lose influence throughout 1920s?

A

Following Civil War, govt. was able to reassert authority

45
Q

What traditional art establishment emerged in late 1920s?

A

Association of Artists in Revolutionary Russia

46
Q

What was Agitprop - give an example?

A

Party department - agitation propaganda
El Lissitzky ‘Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge’ 1918 - Avant-Garde

47
Q

What art style did Stalin champion and what did it do?

A

Socialist Realism - reflects govt. priorities, created the Union of Soviet Writers

48
Q

How was art production similar to industrialisation under Stalin?

A

Artists were set production targets

49
Q

Give an example of Stalinist artwork that celebrated economic success.

A

Shurpin’s 1949 ‘Morning of Our Motherland’ - depicted Stalin in a communist utopia

50
Q

Give an example of a dissenting artist under Stalin.

A

Dziga Vertov - 1934 ‘Three Songs about Lenin’ - praised Lenin over Stalin

51
Q

When were Khrushchev’s Cultural Thaws?

A

1953, 1957, 1961

52
Q

When and where was the World Youth Festival?

A

1957 Moscow

53
Q

What book by Pasternak caused a freeze and why?

A

1954, Doctor Zhivago - critical of Lenin

54
Q

Whose arrest signalled Khrushchev’s final cultural freeze?

A

Josef Brodsky 1964

55
Q

Who were stilyaga?

A

Style hunters - women who adopted western fashion

56
Q

What happened at the World Youth Festival?

A

Women who ‘fraternised’ with foreigners were arrested and sent to Virgin Lands where they faced sexual abuse.

57
Q

How were artists punished for deviant work under Khrushchev?

A

Forcibly medicated and sent to psychiatric institutions - Josef Brodsky for example

58
Q

What type of art was a huge source of national pride under Brezhnev - give an example?

A

The Bolshoi Ballet - Spartacus widely celebrated - story of slave revolution supported Soviet ideology

59
Q

What three types of artists did Piero Ostellino identify under Brezhnev?

A

Obedient functionaries; loyal opportunists; dissidents

60
Q

Art/Culture: What did a 1965 KGB report reveal?

A

There were active 1,292 anti-Soviet authors in the USSR

61
Q

When and what was significant about the Sinyavsky-Daniel Trial?

A

1966 - the only evidence was their own writings and they were sentenced to years in labour camps

62
Q

How many dissenting artists were kept in repressive psychiatry under Brezhnev?

A

8,000

63
Q

When was the Prague Spring and what happened following it? Give an example

A

1968 - Brezhnev feared consequences of cultural liberalisation - for example, by 1970 Alexander Tvardovsky,
editor of New World, was forced to resign

64
Q

What two dissenting art groups emerged under Brezhnev?

A

1970s, Moscow Conceptualists - art to counter propaganda
Lenin Underground Art - rejected system

65
Q

When and what was the ‘Bulldozer Exhibition’?

A

September 1974 - underground art exhibition bulldozed by Soviet police

66
Q

What 1983 film showed Soviets responded well to Western fashion?

A

‘The Blonde Around the Corner’ - attracted 24 million people

67
Q

How did consumer spending on clothes change from 1964?

A

1964-70, spending tripled

68
Q

How many western magazines were on the black market by 1985?

A

450

69
Q

When was Lenin’s assassination attempt?

A

August 1918

70
Q

What message did Lenin’s Cult propagate?

A

‘Leader of the Revolutionary Proletariat’

71
Q

What aspect of Lenin’s cult suggested he was a man of the people?

A

He was depicted wearing a cap

72
Q

How did Lenin’s cult enhance his power?

A

Within the Party it cultivated personal loyalties, making it part of the reason for why the NEP went through

73
Q

What were the two purposes of Stalin’s personality cult?

A

Legitimise his new leadership
Divert discontent to local leaders rather than central leader

74
Q

What was the first cult Stalin used?

A

‘Myth of Two Leaders’ - rewrote history to capitalise on Lenin’s cult, saying that Stalin rule alongside Lenin the whole time.
Two history books published in 1938

75
Q

What does vozhd mean?

A

Leader - a word to describe Stalin as part of his cult - unlimited power

76
Q

What did Stalin’s cult become post-WW2?

A

Generalissimo - great defender and military hero

77
Q

How Robert Service describe Stalin’s cult?

A

Cult of impersonality

78
Q

What was Khrushchev’s first cult in the 1950s?

A

‘Lenin LIves!’ - presented Lenin as a fun and friendly person to suggest Lenin > Stalinism

79
Q

When did Khrushchev establish his own cult?

A

1958

80
Q

What was Khrushchev’s cult like and why did it fail?

A

Portrayed him as Lenin’s disciple, war hero, master reformer.
This placed all responsibility for economic policy on his shoulder - when Virgin Lands failed, he took most blame.
Also secret speech denounced use of cults

81
Q

How was Brezhnev portrayed in his cult?

A

Great Leninist; humble past; wanted peace; war hero

82
Q

How many medals did Brezhnev have?

A

60

83
Q

How was Brezhnev’s cult received and why?

A

Mocked and inspired cynicism
Veterans knew of his lack of war experience - media meant his life was more documented

84
Q

Which of Lenin’s initial policies attacked Church power?

A

December 1917 Decree on Land - rebels could take church lands

85
Q

Who was shot in Kiev in Lenin’s reign and when?

A

January 1918, Metropolitan Vladimir

86
Q

When were the Cheka sanctioned to massacre priests?

A

November 1918 - most killed by 1920

87
Q

When was the Living Church established?

A

April 1923

88
Q

What did the Living Church try to do and how successful?

A

Decentralise church power - faith ultimately not very reduced

89
Q

How and why did Lenin attack Islam?

A

‘Crimes based on custom’ - Mosques closed and converted into museums

90
Q

When were all Sufi groups destroyed?

A

1936

91
Q

Where did Islam prevail under Stalin?

A

Kazakhstan

92
Q

Why did Stalin ally with the Church?

A

During WW2 - needed to provide support to grieving people; church was a nationalist symbol

93
Q

What happened as a result of Stalin’s alliance with the Church?

A

Metropolitan Sergey proclaimed him ‘God’s Chosen Leader’
414 Churches re-opened
Priesthood expanded by 2,000 1946-48

94
Q

Why did Khrushchev oppose Christianity?

A

Mid-1950s - church prophesied end of the regime
Lenin also opposed it

95
Q

When did Khrushchev re-launch an anti-church campaign and what did it do?

A

1958 - 3,000 Orthodox churches closed

96
Q

How did Khrushchev promoted atheism?

A

Used space programme to suggest a triumph over God - Yuri Gagarin, “Having travelled to the heavens I found no God”

97
Q

Why and what was Khrushchev’s campaign against women?

A

80% of all protestants were women - anti-nun campaign and propaganda

98
Q

How did women respond to Khrushchev’s anti-nun campaign?

A

Organised protective campaigns

99
Q

What was Brezhnev’s main religious policy?

A

Promote atheism rather than attack religion - 1968 Institute for Scientific Atheism

100
Q

Why did Brezhnev change Soviet policy on Islam? How did he describe it?

A

Needed Middle Eastern allies during War in Afghanistan - described it as a “progressive, anti-colonial, and revolutionary creed”

101
Q

How did Brezhnev encourage co-operation with Islam?

A

Created the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan

102
Q

What % of Soviet population remained religious under Brezhnev?

A

20%

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