S&F Cytology

Question 0

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 0

75% phospholipids
20% cholesterol
5% glycolipids

Question 1

Gradient formula

Answer 1

Gx=delta-x/delta-d

When the distance between concentrations gets smaller, the gradient is larger

Question 2

Glycolipid

Answer 2

Lipid with a carbohydrate attached

Question 3

Glycoproteins

Answer 3

Lipid plus s sugar

Question 4

Fluid mosaic structure

Answer 4

Dynamic structure in which various proteins are buried within the phospholipid bilayer carrying a specific function (transporters)

Question 5

Integral proteins

Answer 5

Transport proteins

Majority of transmembrane proteins

Question 6

Peripheral proteins

Answer 6

Many are glycoproteins

Receptor/ recognition

Question 7

Ion channels

Answer 7

Holes through which ions pass
Specific
May be gated depending on voltage or chemicals

Question 8

Transport proteins

Answer 8

Passive (down the gradient)
Active (up the gradient)
Primary active transporters use ATP
secondary active transporters use other forms of energy

Question 9

Passive transport

Answer 9

From high to low concentration
No energy required for simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion requires energy
Osmosis

Question 10

Active transport

Answer 10

Moves from high to low
Needs energy
Transmembrane transport proteins
Pumps molecules from low to high
Creates gradients, thereof potential energy

Question 11

End oculists

Answer 11

Bulk transport

Engulfs products from outside the cell

Question 12

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 12

Specific ligand stimulates vesicle formation

Question 13

Phagocytosis

Answer 13

Cells engulf large solid particles

Question 14

Bulk phase endocytosis

Answer 14

Engulf droplets of extra cellular fluid

Question 15

Exocytosis

Answer 15

Bulk transport pushing products outside the cell
All cells do this
Secretion of hormones

Exocrine secretory cells
Glandular tissues
Endocrine and neurosecretory cells
Neurotransmitters

Question 16

% of cell which is water

Answer 16

75/90%

Question 17

Colloidal

Answer 17

Dissolved proteins

Question 18

Location of cycles

Answer 18

Kreb’s: mt matrix
Etc: inner mt membrane
Glycolysis: cytoplasm

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

Question 20

Microfilaments

Answer 20

Actin
Movement
Mechanical support
Support for microvilli extensions

Question 21

Intermediate filaments

Answer 21

Anchor internal structures and intercellular junctions

Question 22

Microtubules

Answer 22

Tubulin
Centrosomes
Cell movement

Question 23

Cilia and flagella

Answer 23

Cell surface projections associated with movement

9+2 array of microtubules anchored to a basal body

Question 24

Ribosomes

Answer 24

Site of protein synthesis
Large and small subunits
A &P sites

Question 25

Rough ER

Answer 25

embedment for ribosomes

Continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 26

Smooth ER

Answer 26

Ends from Rough ER
Forms membrane tubules
No ribosomes
Richly diverse enzyme investment gives it richly varied role
Liver smooth ER is especially rich because of it’s detox and metabolic role

Question 27

Golgi complex

Answer 27

Transport and packaging of synthetic products through the cell
Flattened sacs: cisternae

Question 28

Lysosomes

Answer 28

Membrane enclosed vesicles produced by Golgi containing lytic enzymes
Autophagy vs autolysis

Question 29

Peroxisomes

Answer 29

Vesicles full of oxidases
Hydrogen removing
Produce peroxide as a product
Catalase decomposes peroxide

Question 30

Proteasomes

Answer 30

Vesicles filled with proteolytic enzymes

Protein removal

Question 31

Mitochondria

Answer 31

Powerhouse of the cell
Membrane bound and interior enzymes which drive the oxidative phosphorylation scheme
ATP producers
Inner and outer membranes and compartments
Cristae

Question 32

Nucleus

Answer 32

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