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Philo > S6 Semester 1 > Flashcards

S6 Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

succinctly

A

using only a few words that state something clearly

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2
Q

preconception

A

an idea or opinion that is formed before you have enough information or experience

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3
Q

subjective

A

based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair

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4
Q

objective

A

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts

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5
Q

What is knowledge for Plato? (JTB)

A

For Plato, knowledge exists as a justified true belief (JTB)
This JTB explains that in order to state that you have knowledge of something, you must believe it,
the subject must be justified and it must also be true. Things have to be justified to enable them to
be considered as knowledge, since it is possible to believe in something that is not justified- such
as aspects of religion - or that turns out to be false and therefore only relying on belief is not
enough to consider it knowledge.

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6
Q

Why did Plato come to believe in a world of Forms? (Sophies World)

A

Plato was astonished by the way all natural phenomena could be so alike - all horses have
something in common, just like all trees have something in common and could be generalised to
all be the same despite their differences. He concluded that it had to be because there are a
limited number of “forms” (like molds for making cookies) behind everything we see around us.
These forms are eternal and unchanging (immutable) throughout all of nature.

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7
Q

What was Plato’s Theory of Forms?

A

Plato’s Theory of Forms is a theory in which there must be a mold or form behind everything in
reality, shaping it into what it is and making it look or act the way it does. Plato says that these
various forms are constant, unchanging and abstract concepts or ideals. A way in which it could
be interpreted is the allegory of the cave, that all real things in the physical world are only
shadows/ images of the true reality of the forms they are made up of.

–> he said there were eternal und immutable “patterns” behind all phenomena we come across in nature

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8
Q

What is meant by knowledge of the Form of the Good and how does one achieve it? (Plato)

A

According to Plato, knowledge in the form of good is the ultimate/ highest form of knowledge one
can have of the universe.
To achieve this knowledge one must take part in philosophical thinking and questioning of the real
world around us. One must also question and consider their own beliefs and seek to understand
the universal principles that are present in and rule the world all around us,
By contemplating these things and by gaining a good understanding of truth, justice and
goodness, one can achieve knowledge in the form of the good

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9
Q

What is Plato’s allegory of the cave?

A

The allegory of the cave is a conceptual situation thought of by Plato in which a group of prisoners
are chained up inside a cave since birth and therefore don’t know what normal reality is like outside
the cave. They are chained up in. a way so that they can only see the back wall of the cave that is lit
up by a fire situated behind them. This causes the prisoners to never truly see the reality of what is
happening - they only see the shadows and hear the sounds of people who occasionally walk past
carrying objects that look like certain things that they are not.
—-> could depict life
–> represents socrates in society: they didnt like what he was saying so they forced him to poison himself

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10
Q

What did Plato believe about knowledge? (senses and reason)

A

Our senses give us incomplete knowledge.
We only have true knowledge when we understand it with our reason

We can’t have true knowledge of things that are in a constant state of change

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11
Q

Do our senses give us incomplete knowledge?
What is a trick our senses can play on us?

A

alone, yes they may, but together they give more complete knowledge.
Optical illusions –> moving snake (snakes are circular and moving), girl with dress, shoes and nail polish
Mcgurk Effect –> sight overrides hearing

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12
Q

What did Plato believe about souls and death?

A

He believed that our body is split into 2 regions:
- a body that “flows”
- an immortal soul

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13
Q

What is interesting about languages?

A

some words that are the same have different meanings in different languages
–> creativty, kreativität
–>to me sun is femenine, moon is masculine bc of german
—> to irene its the other way around in spanish

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14
Q

what is episteme & techne?

A

episteme: knowledge that
techne: knowledge how

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15
Q

Who made a theory about knowledge by aquaintance and knowledge by description?

A

Bertrand Russel

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16
Q

What is knowledge by aquaintance?

A

Knowledge by acquaintance refers to our direct, firsthand experience or interaction with something or someone. It is based on personal perception and sensory information. For example, if you have seen and touched a red apple, you have knowledge by acquaintance of that particular apple. This type of knowledge is immediate and intuitive, as it is derived from our direct sensory experiences.

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17
Q

What is knowledge by description?

A

knowledge by description is based on information or descriptions provided by others or through language. It involves understanding something through its attributes, characteristics, or properties. For instance, if someone describes an apple as a round, red fruit, you can acquire knowledge by description of what an apple is, even if you have never personally encountered one. This type of knowledge relies on language, communication, and the ability to conceptualize and understand abstract concepts.

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18
Q

simple definition and comparison of knowledge by aquaintance and description?

A

knowledge by acquaintance is gained through direct experience and sensory perception, while knowledge by description is acquired through information and descriptions provided by others or through language.
Both types of knowledge play important roles in our understanding of the world around us.

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19
Q

What is empiricism?

A

an epistemological theory that holds that knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience

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20
Q

What is rationalism?

A

the epistemological view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge

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21
Q

Which philosophers were rationalists?
Which were empiricists?

A

Plato: rationalist
Aristotle: empiricist
Descartes: rationalist
Bertrand Russel: rationalist

22
Q

What is a famous quote by René Descartes?

A

The Cogito Argument:

“I think therefore I am”
–> even if he’s wrong about something, he’s thinking about it, so he exists

23
Q

What did Descartes question and claim to be correct?
What is foundationalism?

A

Descartes questioned the chain of beliefs
–> for him there were chains that were absolutely foundational (foundationalism), so they must be correct

  • the view that some beliefs can justifiably be held by inference from other beliefs, which themselves are justified directly—e.g., on the basis of rational intuition or sense perception.
24
Q

What is descartes’ test of radical doubt?

A

A test to perform on things to see if they are false in order to have a world which only exists of things that are certainly true.
With his test of radical doubt he wants to find indubitable (cant be doubted) foundations for knowledge by doubting all beliefs that are not absolutely certain.

25
Q

Did Descartes doubt a long of things?

A

yes

26
Q

What is Descartes’ Evil Demon Theory?

A

That God allowed our senses to be deceived

27
Q

What does Descarte say is one thing we cannot doubt and can be abolsutely certain of ?

A

our existence

28
Q

What is a posteriori?
what is a priori?

A
  • a posteriori:
    deduction - what u know is what you see (empiricism) –>senses
  • a priori:
    induction - can work it out in your head (rationalism) –>reason
29
Q

Who was Aristotle?

A
  • greek philosopher
  • plato’s pupil (Plato is socrates’ pupil)
  • had disagreements with Plato
30
Q

What is the golden mean? (Aristotle)

A
  • The perfect balance between too much of something and too little
    • in order to live a good life, you need to live a virtuous life –> showing high moral standards
    • not too much, not too little
31
Q

What is virtue?

A

disposition to behave in certain ways that lie between 2 extremes: cowardice - courage - recklessness

32
Q

What is the purpose of life for Aristotle?

A

Eudaimonia and to life a virtuous life

33
Q

What is eudaimonia?

A

eudaimonia= life well lived; human flourishing
–> the point of life is to be the best person you can be and to push yourself to constantly improve and to be happy from a feeling of satisfaction at the end of every day

34
Q

What is scepticism?

A

an attitude of doubting that claims or statements are true/ that something will happen

35
Q

What are the different types of scientific reasoning?

A
  • inductive
  • deductive
  • abductive
36
Q

What is inductive reasoning?
definition, examples, flaw

A

Particular observations are made
which lead to a general conclusion
which may be true

Example 1:
Sandy is a ginger cat and purrs
loudly.
All ginger cats I have met purr
loudly.
All ginger cats purr loudly.

Example 2:
Metal A expands when heated.
Metal B expands when heated.
Therefore all metals expand when
heated

flaw:
an inductive conclusion can always be overturned by a later experience.

37
Q

What is deductive reasoning?
definition, examples, flaw

A

Reasoning from the general to the particular

Example 1:
A football team requires 11 players.
I play football.
Therefore I play in a team of 11 players.

Example 2:
All metals expand when heated.
A is a metal.
Therefore A expands when heated.

Flaw:
Less informative than induction (no new knowledge is created that was not already implied in the premises).
It is difficult to establish the truth of premises, and the process of reasoning can lead us to very different, maybe contradictory conclusions.

38
Q

What is abductive reasoning?
definition, examples, flaw

A

Reasoning that infers the best suiting explanation to something based on the evidence available

Example:
I know that 2 friends, Bob and Fred, have recently had an argument but I see them together after school chatting over a coffee.
I may think that the best explanation is that they must have made up.
I have no evidence/proof/hard data, but I arrive at my conclusion because it’s the best explanation for them talking again.

Flaw:
Includes assumption and guessing, which could be wrong.

39
Q

are conclusions from inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning true?

A

INDUCTIVE = specific observation –> general conclusion (MAY BE TRUE)

DEDUCTIVE = general rule –> specific conclusion (ALWAYS TRUE)

ABDUCTIVE = incomplete observations –> conclusion is a best guess (MAY BE TRUE)

40
Q

Why did Karl Popper believe that discovering something to be false is great?

A

it moves us closer to believing only what is true (bc it hasnt been proven to be wrong when tested)

41
Q

irrefutable?

A

something that cannot be proved wrong and that must therefore be accepted

42
Q

Why did Popper say a theory that is irrefutable is not scientific?

A

if a theory cannot be shown to be false, then it cannot be shown to be true.
–> it is untestable, and therefore not scientific

43
Q

What is the main difference between Descartes and Karl Popper’s view of certainty?

A

Descartes held certainty in the utmost regard, while popper believed that cartainty is negative because it can actually cause you to close your mind which will keep one from being open to new findings

44
Q

Did Karl Popper believe that psychology was “pseudoscience”

A

yes

45
Q

What aspects of Karl Poppers philosophy is part of the modern approach to science today?

A

testable
refutable
falsifiable

46
Q

What is science and pseudoscience?

A

Science:
- disconfirms something –> proves something is wrong
- the only genuine test of a theory is one thats attmpting to falsify it
- scientists have to accept to let falsified things go

Pseudoscience:
- a set up to look for evidence that support that a claim is true
–> but its so hard to show something is true and its almost impossible to be certain it is proven to be true…but showing something is false is easier

47
Q

what is dualism?

A

mind and body are separate

48
Q

Do stupid poeple have less knowledge than smart people?

A

Not necessarily
—> stupid people don’t know what they don’t know
—> smart people with imagination and understanding know what they don’t know

49
Q

What is an immortal soul according to Plato?

A

According to Plato, we have an immortal soul that observed
the forms before being incarnated in a body. Therefore,
when we are born we have a dim recollection of what forms
are.
We have concepts of the ideal forms, without having
experienced them.

50
Q

What is Plato’s Form of the Good?

A
51
Q

The Gettier Problem?

A

The Gettier Problem is a scenario in which the Justified True Belief (JTB) theory does
not work. It talks of a situation in which justified true beliefs cannot be justified but
nevertheless turn out to be true by chance. The Justified True Belief theory by Plato
explains that in order to state that you have knowledge of something, you must not
only believe it, but it must be justified (since it is possible to believe in something
that turns out to be false and therefore only relying on belief is not enough to
consider it knowledge) and it must be true.
The Gettier Case challenges the JTB, demonstrating situations where justification is
flawed but turns out to be true out of a matter of luck.

52
Q

What is Sapir Whorf?

A

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis holds thathuman thought is shaped by language, leading speakers of different languages to think differently.

Philo (1 decks)

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