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2019 Added Cards COPY > SAD Ch 17 Nutrition and Skin Disease > Flashcards

SAD Ch 17 Nutrition and Skin Disease Flashcards

SAD Ch 17 Nutrition and Skin Disease

1
Q

What is the study of nutrigenetics?

A

Focuses on how genes and genetic differences (SNPs, copy-number polymorphisms, and epigenetic phenomena) affect responses to nutrients and nutritional requirements.

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2
Q

What is the study of nutrigenomics?

A

How nutrients influence gene transcription and protein metabolism to affect animal’s overall health and susceptibility to disease.

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3
Q

What percentage of hair is made of protein?

A

95%

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4
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A in health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Epidermal hyperkeratosis and scaling
  • Occlusion of sebaceous ducts
  • Papules associated with follicular hyperkeratosis
  • Poor hair coat and alopecia
  • Reproductive failure
  • Retinal degeneration and night blindness
  • Susceptibility to infections
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5
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Epidermal hyperkeratosis and scaling
  • Occlusion of sebaceous ducts
  • Papules associated with follicular hyperkeratosis
  • Poor hair coat and alopecia
  • Reproductive failure
  • Retinal degeneration and night blindness
  • Susceptibility to infections
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6
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?

A
  • Epidermal scaling
  • Unkempt hair coat
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Bone decalcification
  • Liver damage
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7
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D in health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Normal calcium absorption and metabolism
  • Normal bone development
  • Keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation
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8
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets in young
  • Osteomalacia in adults
  • Chest deformity
  • Poor eruption of teeth
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9
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D toxicity?

A
  • Increased blood calcium levels
  • Soft tissue calcification
  • Diarrhea
  • Kidney failure
  • Death!
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10
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Antioxidant (protects against oxidative damage)

- Normal immune functioning

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11
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Pansteatitis - in cats fed diet high in polyunsaturated fat
  • Seborrhea
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Reproductive failure
  • Intestinal lipofuscinosis
  • Impaired immunity - bacterial dermatitis and demodicosis (dogs)
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12
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E toxicity?

A

Anorexia

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13
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K in health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Formation of clotting factors and normal clotting
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14
Q

What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Hemorrhage

- Increased bleeding times

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15
Q

What are the signs of vitamin K toxicity?

A
  • None reported
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16
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Antioxidant

- Formation and maintenance of matrix of bone, cartilage, and CT

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17
Q

What are the signs of vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Rikets
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Bleeding
  • Anemia
  • Increased susceptibility to infections
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18
Q

What are the signs of vitamin C toxicity?

A

None reported. Dogs and cats synthesize adequate vitamin C levels and do not require it in their diet.

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19
Q

What are the functions of Thiamine (B1) in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Component of two coenzymes essential in carbohydrate metabolism and energy transfer
  • Promotes normal health and digestion and normal nerve function
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20
Q

What are the signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Vomiting
  • Dehydration
  • Ventral flexion of neck
  • Paralysis
  • Incoordination
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21
Q

What are the signs of thiamine (B1) toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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22
Q

What are the functions of riboflavin (B2) in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Forms parts of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer and protein metabolism
  • Component of xanthine oxidase required for epithelial cell maturation
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23
Q

What are the signs of riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

A
  • Retarded growth, posterior muscle weakness
  • Dry scaly skin, erythema
  • Anemia
  • Ocular lesions (pannus)
  • Glossitis
  • Reduced fertility, testicular hypoplasia
  • Fatty liver
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24
Q

What are the signs of riboflavin (B2) toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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25
Q

What are the functions of niacin in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Component of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer

- Required for metabolism

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26
Q

What are the signs of niacin deficiency?

A
  • Blacktongue (pellagra)
  • Pruritic dermatitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Dementia
  • Anorexia
  • Anemia
  • Emaciation
  • Death!
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27
Q

What are the signs of niacin toxicity?

A
  • Cutaneous flushing

- Itching

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28
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxine (B6) in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Part of enzyme involved in protein metabolism

- Essential for normal metabolism of tryptophan

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29
Q

What are the signs of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?

A
  • Dermatitis with dull, waxy, unkempt hair coat
  • Alopecia and scaling
  • Seizures
  • Anemia
  • High serum iron
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Impaired growth
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30
Q

What are the signs of pyridoxine (B6) toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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31
Q

What are the functions of pantothenic acid in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Constituent of coenzyme A required for normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
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32
Q

What are the signs of pantothenic acid deficiency?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Stunted growth
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Uremia
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Seizures
  • Fatty liver
  • Coma, death!
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33
Q

What are the signs of pantothenic acid toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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34
Q

What are the functions of folic acid in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Normal RBC development and DNA synthesis
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35
Q

What are the signs of folic acid deficiency?

A
  • Anemia
  • Leukopenia
  • Stunted growth
  • Glossitis
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36
Q

What are the signs of folic acid toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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37
Q

What are the functions of biotin in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Required for metabolism of fats and amino acids
  • Essential for skin and hair health
  • Functions in enzyme systems
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38
Q

What are the signs of biotin deficiency?

A
  • Scaly dermatitis
  • Alopecia
  • Anorexia and weakness
  • Diarrhea
  • Progressive spasticity
  • Posterior paralysis
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39
Q

What are the signs of biotin toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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40
Q

What are the functions of cobalamin (B12) in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Synthesis of nucleic acids

- Involved in purine synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism

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41
Q

What are the signs of cobalamin (B12) deficiency?

A
  • Anemia
  • Impaired growth
  • Posterior coordination
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42
Q

What are the signs of cobalamin (B12) toxicity?

A

Nontoxic

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43
Q

What are some signs of protein deficiency?

A
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Epidermal hyperpigmentation
  • Loss of hair pigment
  • Patchy alopecia with thin, rough, dry, dull, and brittle hairs
  • Wound dehiscence
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44
Q

In which syndrome is epidermal degeneration seen in conjunction with hypoaminoacidemia?

A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema, metabolic epidermal necrosis, hepatocutaneous syndrome).

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45
Q

In patients with superficial necrolytic dermatitis, how do their serum amino acid levels compare to normal patients?

A

About a third of normal patients.

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46
Q

Which amino acids are most affected in dogs with superficial necrolytic dermatitis?

A

Arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, threonine, and valine.

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47
Q

Name three aromatic amino acids.

A

Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine.

48
Q

What are the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids for dogs? Cats?

A

Linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid. Cats also require arachidonic acid.

49
Q

How are fatty acids classified?

A
  • Size (number of carbon atoms)

- Number of double bonds

50
Q

Where are the double bonds located in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?

A

Omega-3s have double bond at 3-carbon position from carboxyl end, Omega-6 has double bone at 6-carbon position from carboxyl end.

51
Q

n-3 and n6 fatty acids are essential components of which cell structure?

A

Plasma membrane. Maintains integrity, fluidity, and permeability.

52
Q

Which essential fatty acid is an important component of epidermal ceramides and involved in maintaining the epidermal water permeability barrier?

A

Linoleic acid

53
Q

In cats, which enzyme is low, precluding them from synthesizing enough arachidonic acid to meet their physiologic requirement?

A

Δ-6 desaturase

54
Q

What are the functions of calcium in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Bone and tooth formation
  • Blood clotting
  • Enzyme activation
  • Muscle contraction
  • Nerve impulse transmission
55
Q

What are the signs of calcium deficiency?

A
  • Rickets in young, osteomalacia in adults
  • Lameness, stiffness
  • Constipation, anorexia
  • Loss of teeth
  • Tetany with acute deficiency
56
Q

What are the signs of calcium toxicity?

A
  • Impaired skeletal development
  • Secondary deficiencies of other minerals (zinc, phosphorus, copper d/t interference with absorption)
  • Bloat
57
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Bone and tooth formation
  • Enzyme systems
  • Energy transfer (component of high-energy bonds)
  • Part of RNA and DNA
58
Q

What are the signs of phosphorus deficiency?

A
  • Rough hair coat
  • Pica
  • Anorexia
  • Slow growth
  • Rickets in young, osteomalacia in adults
59
Q

What are the signs of phosphorus toxicity?

A
  • Impaired skeletal development
  • Secondary deficiency of calcium
  • Kidney damage
60
Q

What are the functions of sodium in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Maintenance of body fluid volumes
  • Component of bile, muscle, and nerve function
61
Q

What are the signs of sodium deficiency?

A

Salt hunger, pica, weight loss, fatigue, impaired milk secretion, polyuria, circulatory failure.

62
Q

What are the signs of sodium toxicity?

A

Thirst, pruritus, constipation, anorexia, seizures, hypertension

63
Q

What are the signs of sodium toxicity?

A

Thirst, pruritus, constipation, anorexia, seizures, hypertension (all unlikely if water is freely available).

64
Q

What are the function of magnesium in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Enzyme activator
  • Constituent of skeletal tissue, required for muscle and nerve function
  • Role in energy metabolism and protein synthesis
65
Q

What are the signs of magnesium deficiency?

A
  • Calcification of soft tissues
  • Retarded growth
  • Spreading of toes
  • Hyperirritability
  • Seizures
  • Excess salivation
66
Q

What are the signs of magnesium toxicity?

A
  • Acute excesses may cause diarrhea

- Chronic excesses may cause urolithiasis, cystitis, and urinary tract disease in cats

67
Q

What are the functions of zinc in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Essential component of many enzyme systems, including protein and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Required for maturation of skin cells and healthy hair coat
  • Required for normal immune function
68
Q

What are the signs of zinc deficiency?

A
  • Impaired growth
  • Scaly skin with parakeratosis
  • Depigmentation of hair
  • Infertility, testicular hypoplasia
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Increase susceptibility to infections
69
Q

What are the signs of zinc toxicity?

A
  • Interference with absorption of calcium and/or copper

- Acute toxicity causes hemolytic anemia

70
Q

What are the functions of copper in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Roles in erythropoiesis, coenzymes, hair pigmentation, reproduction, collagen and elastin synthesis, iron utilization.
71
Q

What are the signs of copper deficiency?

A
  • Pica
  • Stunted growth
  • Diarrhea
  • Dipigmentation of hair
  • Anemia
  • Impaired bone growth
72
Q

What are the signs of copper toxicity?

A
  • Inherited disorder of metabolism in some breeds leads to liver damage
73
Q

What are the functions of manganese in health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

- Formation of cartilage

74
Q

What are the signs of manganese deficiency?

A
  • Infertility
  • Enlarged stiff joints
  • Short brittle bones
75
Q

What are the signs of manganese toxicity?

A
  • Infertility

- Partial albinism (rare)

76
Q

What are the functions of iodine in the health of dogs and cats?

A
  • Thyroid hormone synthesis (involved in regulation of metabolism)
77
Q

What are the signs of iodine deficiency?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Goiter
  • Alopecia
  • Infertility
  • Lethargy
  • Myxedema
78
Q

What are the signs of iodine toxicity?

A
  • Decreased thyroid function and signs similar to deficiency
79
Q

Which species is unable to synthesize vitamin A and require a dietary source?

A

Cats. They cannot synthesize it from its precursor, β-carotene

80
Q

Cats occasionally develop hypervitaminosis A if being fed large amounts of this.

A

Liver

81
Q

Which vitamin is being investigated in the topical or systemic treatment of psoriasis?

A

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

82
Q

Selenium, together with which vitamin, function to scavenge free radicals produced during metabolism of what?

A

Vitamin E, lipid metabolism.

83
Q

Cats fed diets high in red tuna or other PUFA-rich foods without receiving Vit E supplements may develop what?

A

Pansteatitis

84
Q

Biopsies of cats with pansteatitis demonstrate presence of lobular panniculitis with ______ within lipocytes, macrophages, and giant cells.

A

Ceroid - product of lipid peroxidation.

85
Q

What is the treatment for pansteatitis?

A

Vitamin E supplementation at 13.5 IU/kg/day. In severe cases, systemic corticosteroids may be used to decrease inflammation and pain.

86
Q

What is the prognosis for pansteatitis?

A

Poor.

87
Q

Vitamin E has synergistic effects with which other vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

88
Q

Supraphysiologic doses of Vitamin E have been used to treat which diseases?

A
  • Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
  • Discoid lupus erythematosis
  • Granuloma annulare
  • Benign familial pemphigus
  • DLE, dermatomyositis, and acanthosis nigricans may respond to treatment
  • Adjuvant to treatment of canine demodicosis
89
Q

What are some functions of zinc in the body?

A
  • Component of metalloenzymes involved in regulating metabolism
  • Cofactor for RNA and DNA polymerases
  • Important in rapidly dividing cells (epidermis)
  • Biosynthesis of fatty acids
  • Vitamin A metabolism
  • Immune function and inflammatory reactions
90
Q

What are some clinical signs of zinc deficiency?

A
  • Depressed appetite d/t decreased sense of taste and smell
  • Weight loss, impaired wound healing, conjunctivitis, and keratitis
  • Focal areas of erythema, alopecia, crust, and scale, appearing first at areas of friction (MC junctions, distal extremities, and footpads)
  • Secondary infections, lymphadenopathy
91
Q

Bull terriers with this disease have a genetic defect that inhibits zinc absorption and utilization.

A

Lethal acrodermatitis

92
Q

What type of zinc dermatosis occurs in Alaskan malamutes and Siberian huskies?

A

Syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis. May also affect Bull terriers.

93
Q

During what time of year are patients with syndrome 1 zinc-responsive dermatosis most affected?

A

September through January

94
Q

What are the clinical signs of Syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis?

A
  • Lesional pruritus
  • Early erythema followed by alopecia, crusting, scaling and underlying suppuration near mouth, chin, eyes, & ears
  • Scrotum, prepuce, or vulva may be affected
  • Thick crusts at elbows and other pressure points
  • Secondary infections common
  • Hyperkeratotic footpads and onychomalacia
95
Q

What is the term for decreased sense of smell? Taste?

A

Hyposmia - decreased smell

Hypogeusia - decreased taste

96
Q

What is the treatment of syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis?

A
  • Correction of diet if needed
  • 2-3mg/kg/day elemental zinc
  • Zinc sulfate 10mg/kg/day (zinc comprises 23% of weight in zinc sulfate)
97
Q

How should zinc sulfate tablets be administered?

A

Crushed and mixed with food to enhance absorption and decrease gastric irritation.

98
Q

What are two alternatives to zinc sulfate for use in supplementation? Why would you use these?

A

Zinc methionine and zinc gluconate. Have higher bioavailability of zinc and less likely to cause gastric irritation.

99
Q

Which breeds are less likely to respond to oral zinc supplementation?

A

Siberian huskies, Pharaoh hounds.

100
Q

For patients that do not respond to oral zinc supplementation, what treatment is recommended?

A

IV zinc sulfate (10-15mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks, then maintenance every 1-6 months to prevent relapse.

101
Q

What are the drawbacks to IV zinc sulfate administration?

A
  • Expensive
  • Cardiac arrhythmias may occur if administered too quickly
  • No one wants to give a loud, annoying husky a slowly administered IV medication in the clinic once a week.
102
Q

What can be added to the diet to potentially enhance the bioavailability of zinc?

A

Phytase, by hydrolyzing phytates present in food.

103
Q

T/F Corticosteroids can be used in syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis.

A

True. Low-dose steroids can benefit patients not responding to zinc alone.

104
Q

How do steroids help patients with syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis?

A

Increase zinc absorption from the GI tract by induction of metallothionein and may have some direct effect on skin.

105
Q

What surgical procedure may help certain patients with syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis.

A

OVH may help affected female dogs.

106
Q

In what population is syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatosis seen?

A

Rapidly growing puppies or young adult dogs fed zinc-deficient diets, diets high in phytates or minerals (ex calcium or iron which interfere with zinc absorption) or diets over supplemented with other minerals and vitamins.

107
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatoses?

A
  • Vary widely
  • Hyperkeratotic plaques in areas of repeated trauma, leading to deep fissures
  • Footpads and nasal planum affected
  • Secondary skin infections and lymphadenopathy
  • May appear similar to distemper
108
Q

How is syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatosis diagnosed?

A
  • Hx and PE
  • Biopsy - hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis with marked diffuse and follicular parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. Papillomatosis and mild diffuse spongiosis. Evidence of secondary bacterial or Malassezia infection
109
Q

How is syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatosis treated?

A
  • Fix the diet
  • Treat secondary infection
  • Hydrate crusts with wet dressings or whole-body warm water soaks for 5-10 min.
  • Bathing with antiseborrheic shampoo.
  • Topical petrolatum or ointment-based topical on facial lesions.
110
Q

How quickly can skin lesions resolve after initiating treatment for syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatosis?

A

2-6 weeks

111
Q

What are some functions of probiotics?

A
  • Promote beneficial intestinal microbiota
  • Improve gut barrier function
  • Avert abnormal immune responsiveness and inflammatory diseases in the GI tract
112
Q

What species are included in probiotics?

A

Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus

113
Q

A genetically modified Lactococcus lactis has been engineered to produce which cytokine?

A

IL-10, a cytokine that promotes immunologic tolerance.

114
Q

What is the function of Lactobacillus paracasei in probiotics?

A
  • Reduces T H 1 and T H 2 secretion of inflammatory cytokines
  • Increases production of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10
115
Q

What is the function of Lactobacillus casei in probiotics?

A

Suppresses allergic responses in murine model of food allergies

116
Q

What is the function of Lactobacillus GG in probiotics?

A

Administering to mothers of high-risk infants during pregnancy and lactation results in significant reduction in prevalence of atopic eczema in children.

117
Q

What effect does Lactobacillus rhamnosus have on puppies?

A

Administering to a severely atopic bitch starting at the third week of gestation, continuing during lactation, and administering to puppies through 6 months old resulted in significantly lower titers of allergen-specific IgE and milder reactions to intradermal testing compared to full siblings from litter that did not receive probiotics.

2019 Added Cards COPY (9 decks)

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